OLEDAN FINALS 1 Flashcards
Occurs when any substance
interferes with normal body
functions after it is swallowed,
inhaled, injected, or absorbed.
poisoning
are prone to
poisoning because they explore their
environment through oral
experimentation, because their sense
of taste is not discriminating.
infant n todlers
TWO MAJOR TYPES of poisoning
Product that never meant to be
ingested or inhaled:
Products than can be ingested in
small quantities but can be harmful if
ingested in large amount:
Product that never meant to be
ingested or inhaled:
Shampoo
- Paint thinner
- Pesticides
- Houseplants (leaves)
- Carbon monoxide
Products than can be ingested in
small quantities but can be harmful if
ingested in large amount:
- Drugs/medicines
- Medicinal herbs
- Alcohol
- Bacterial toxins (food
poisoning for e.g. E, Coll) - Heavy metals (lead paint)
- Venom (animal, insects)
Staphylococcal enterotoxin is
produced by strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
Incubation period STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD
POISONING
- 1 to 7hours
Occurs most commonly in children
between the ages 2 and 3 years and
in all socioeconomic groups
POISONING AS AN
UNINTENTIONAL INJURY
The best method to deactivate a
swallowed poison is
administration of Activated
Charcoal, either orally or by way of
an NG tube.
Drug most frequently involved in
childhood poisoning today
- It can cause extreme liver destruction
if taken in large doses
ACETAMINOPHEN POISONING
(AST/SGOT)
Serum aspartate transaminase
(ALT/SGPT)
Serum alanine transaminase
- antidote of acetaminophen poison
Acetylcysteine
Ingestion of a strong alkali, such as
lye, which is often contained in toilet
bowl cleaners or hair care products
CAUSTIC POISONING
It may cause burns and tissue
necrosis in the mouth, esophagus,
and stomach
caustic poison
Administration of drug effective
against staphylococcus
cefotaxime
Prevention of food poisoning
by proper refrigeration
of food
Assess AST and ALT levels
ACETAMINOPHEN POISONING
white immediately from the
burn, turns brown as edema and
ulceration occurs
mouuth of caustic poison
Systemic signs of caustic poison
tachycardia,
tachypnea, pallor, and hypotension
may need to be ordered and
administered to achieve pain relief caustic poison
morphine
- Substances contained in products
such as kerosene and furniture polish
HYDROCARBON INGESTION
The major effect of hydrocarbon is
respiratory
irritation because these substances
are volatile and fumes rise from it
Swallowed by small children
because it is an ingredient in vitamin
preparations, particularly pregnancy
vitamins
iron poisoning
It is corrosive to the gastric mucosa
and leads to signs and symptoms of
gastric irritation
iron poisoning
After 6 hours: of iron poison
necrosis of the lining
of GI tract.
After 12 hours of iron poison
- Melena
- Hematemesis
- Lethargy and coma
- Cyanosis
- Vasomotor collapse
will be done to
remove any pills not yet absorbed
stomach lavage
may be given to help the
child pass enteric-coated iron pills
cathartic
may be given to help
decrease gastric irritation and pain
Maalox or Mylanta
Chelating agent,
IV or IM
deferoxamine
Plumbism
lead poisoning
It interferes with red blood cell
function by blocking the
incorporation of iron into the
protoporphyrin compound that
makes up the heme portion of
hemoglobin in RBC.
lead poisoniong
lead poison leads to
hypochromic,
microcytic anemia
Kidney destruction leads to
excess
excretion of amino acids, glucose
and phosphate in the urine
the most serious
effect of lead poison
Lead encephalitis
If the lead levels ›20µg/100ml oral
chelating such as
succimer may the
prescribed.
Accidental ingestion or through skin
or respiratory tract contact when
children play in an area that has been
recently sprayed
PESTICIDE POISONING
that
causes acetylcholine to accumulate at
neuromuscular junctions which leads
to muscle paralysis
Organophosphate poisoning
it is a leading cause of death in
children and adolescent
ACCIDENTS (Trauma/Injury)
Leading cause of morbidity in
children are medical problems
resulting from traumatic injury that
occurs at home or at school, in an
automobile, or in association with
recreational activities.
accidents
are vulnerable to
multiple and severe trauma because
they are mobile on bikes,
motorcycles and in automobiles.
They are also active in sports
Adolescents
is an event independent of
the human will caused by an outside
force acting rapidly and resulting in
physical or mental injury
accident
is defined as an
unexpected, unplanned occurrence
which may involve injury.
accident
Unpremeditated event resulting in
recognizable damage.
accident
Occurrence in sequence of events
which usually produces uninteded
injury, death or property damage
accident
It is an intentional/unintentional
damage to body due to exposure to
an external agent which can be
thermal, mechanical, electrical, or
chemical energy or agent.
injury
Leading cause of death and disability
in children and young adults
CHILDHOOD ACCIDENTS
Every 4 seconds,
a child is
treated for an Injury in an
emergency department
Advance thinking
fore tought
It is a complex disorder which is not
diagnosed medically but by
behavioral observation and
screening.
autism
autismOvert symptoms gradually begin
after the
age of six months, become
established by age two or three
years
MAIN FEATURES OF AUTISM:
- Impaired social interaction and
verbal and non-verbal
communication - Repetitive or stereotyped behavior
(e.g. echolalia)
echolalia
Repetitive or stereotyped behavior
This program uses
a one-on-one teaching approach that
reinforces the practice of various
skills. The goal is to get the child
close to normal developmental
functioning.
Applied Behavioral
Analysis (ABA)
(ADHD)
ATTENTION DEFICIT
HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
is a neurodevelopmental disorder
characterized by persistent patterns
of inattention, hyperactivity, and
impulsivity that significantly impact
daily functioning.
adhd
. It is one of the
most common behavioral disorders
affecting children and symptoms
often persist into adolescence and
adulthood.
adhd
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) tends to peak
during childhood and adolescence.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: of adhd
premature delivery
LBW
brain injury
genetic
neurobiological
recommends that
healthcare providers ask parents,
teachers, and other adults who care
for the child about the child’s
behavior in different settings, like at
home, school, or with peers to
diagnose it as ADHD.
The American Academy of
Pediatrics (AAP)
if enough symptoms of both
criteria inattention and
hyperactivity-impulsivity
were present for the past 6
months, the person is
diagnosed with this type of
ADHD.
combined presentation
if enough symptoms of
inattention, but not
hyperactivity-impulsivity,
were present for the past six
months, the person is
diagnosed with this type of
ADHD.
Predominantly Inattentive
Presentation
if enough symptoms of
hyperactivity, impulsivity,
but not inattention, were
present for the past six
months, the person is
diagnosed with this type of
ADHD
Predominantly HyperactiveImpulsive Presentation
fails to give close attention to
details
- has trouble holding attention
on tasks
- does not seem to listen when
spoken to directly
- doesn’t follow instructions
and fails to finish tasks
- avoids to do tasks that require
mental effort over a long
period of time
- loses things necessary for
tasks and activities
- forgetful in daily activities.
inattention
fidgets with or taps hands or
feet, or squirms in seat.
- leaves seat in situations when
remaining seated is expected.
- runs about or climbs in
situations where it is not
appropriate.
- unable to play or take part in
leisure activities quietly.
- “on the go” acting as if
“driven by a motor”.
- talks excessively.
- has trouble waiting their turn.
- blurts out an answer before a
question has been completed.
Hyperactivity
- fidgets with or taps hands or
feet, or squirms in seat. - leaves seat in situations when
remaining seated is expected. - runs about or climbs in
situations where it is not
appropriate
impulsivity
has
become a second-line and, in
some cases, first-line
treatment in children and
adults with ADHD because
of its efficacy and
classification as a nonstimulan
Atomoxetine (Strattera)
have been
found effective in numerous
studies in children with
ADHD; however, because of
potential adverse effects, they
are rarely used for this
purpose.
Tricyclic antidepressants
has
recent placebo-controlled
data supporting efficacy in
children with ADHD; this
medication may currenty be
used as a third or fourth line
treatment
Modafinil (Provigil)
s is not a simple curve to one
side but, in fact, is a more complex three-dimensional deformity that
often develops childhood
Scoliosis
is used
specifically to describe scoliosis that
occurs in children younger than 3
years.
term infantile scoliosis
what type of scoliosis (4-9 years)
juvenile
scoliosis
(10-18 years) type of scioliosis
adolescent
scoliosis
is a lateral curvature of the
spine. (postural)
Scoliosis
scoliosis occurs in two forms
structural and
functional
TYPES OF SCOLIOSIS
Functional scoliosis
Structural scoliosis
Idiopathic structural scoliosis
It is a curvature due to a
problem that does not involve
the spine, such as having legs
that are different lengths or
muscle spasms caused by
pain. These can cause to lean
to the side, creating the
appearance of scoliosis.
Functional scoliosis
The curvature is flexible and
will go away if the problem
that causes to lean to the side
goes away
Functional scoliosis
The spine curvature is not
flexible and does not go away
with a change in position.
- There is no evidence that
functional scoliosis will lead
to structural scoliosis.
- Associated with other
conditions
Structural scoliosis
In about two out of every 10
cases, children with structural
scoliosis also have one of
these Conditions:
● Born with vertebrae
that do not develop
normally (congenital
scoliosis)
● An underlying
problem in the brain
or spinal cord. such as
a cyst or a tumor.
● A problem with
nerves or muscles,
such as cerebral palsy
or muscular
dystrophy
Structural scoliosis
80% of children with
structural scoliosis
Idiopathic structural scoliosis
is seen in
school-age children at 10 years of
age and older.
Idiopathic scoliosis
may be used as an alternative
to bracing for the child with a
mild to moderate curvature;
Electrical stimulation
when the child is asleep,
electrodes are applied to the
skin; the leads are placed to
stimulate muscles on the
convex side of the curvature
to contract as impulses are
transmitted; this cause the
spine to straighten
Electrical stimulation
goal is to prevent progression
of the curve and to improve
alignment
Brace management
necessary in moderate-tosevere scoliosis because the
reported frequency of neural
axis abnormalities associated
with scoliosis has been high
(21-50% in some sources)
Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)
to help maintain flexibility in
the spine and prevent muscle
atrophy during prolonged
bracing by strengthening
back muscles
Exercise therapy has been promoted
e is more
commonly used to treat
scoliosis; , except
during bathing and
swimming; its fit is
monitored closely; it is worn
over a T-shirt or undershirt to
protect the skin
The Boston brace or the
TLSO brace
can be
performed for children with
further growth potential; in
these patients, a growing rod
is used, which is associated
with fewer complications
than surgical fixation using
L-rods.
pedicle
screw instrumentation
When a child has a severe
spinal curvature or cervical
instability, a form of traction
known as halo traction may
be used to reduce spinal
curves and straighten the
spine.
Halo traction
without fusion
is preferable until combined
posterior and anterior fusion
can be done; growing-rod
systems
Growing rods
may be
utilized to prevent curve
progression; extensions are
needed every 6 months to
keep pace with the child’s
growth until the child has
adequate trunk length, which
is usually between the ages of
11 and 15 years.
growing-rod
systems (eg, pediatric Isola
instrumentation)
the plaster jacket is
applied around the trunk, with care
taken to ensure that there is enough room for hip movement by stopping
just below the level of the iliac
wings; superiorly the plaster goes
around the axillae, leaving the arms
and the shoulders free
; the plaster jacket
consists of
screws with washers that are
applied from posterior to
anterior, horizontal to the
frontal plane of the vertebral
body, and parallel to the apex
of the curvature.
The Isola system
