Ma'am Oledan 2 semis Flashcards
congenital aganglionic megacolon
Hirschsprung disease
characterized by persistent constipation: partial or complete intestinal obstruction
Hirschsprung Disease
congenital anomaly thatt results in mechanical obstruction
Hirschsprung Disease
absence of ganglion cells results in loss of rectosphinteric reflex
results in a lack of enteric nervous system
HD internal sphincter does not relax
Hirschsprung Disease
a midline defects of the spinal cord
involving the failure of the osseous
(bony) spine to close
- common defects of CNS
Spina Bifida
two categories of Spina Bifida
- SB occulta
- SB cystica
refers to a defect that is not visible
externally It occurs most commonly
in the lumbosacral area
- Spina Bifida Occulta
it is not apparent unless there is
neuromuscular disturbances (static
changes in gait, foot deformity,
bowel and bladder disturbance)
. Spina Bifida Occulta
- skin depression or dimple
- port-wine angiomatous nevi
- dark tufts of hair
- soft subcutaneous lipomas
- Spina Bifida Cutaneous indications
refers to the visible defects with an
external saclike protrusion
. Spina Bifida Cystica
Two major forms SB Cystica
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele
which encases
meninges and spinal fluid but no
neural elements
Meningocele
which contains
meninges, spinal fluid and nerves
Myelomeningocele
(meningomyelocele)
related to to the normal formative
stages of the nervous system on the
first trimester of pregnancy
Spina bifida causes
it requires a multidisciplinary
approach involving the specialties of
Neurology,
Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Urology,
Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, Physical
Therapy, Social Service and
intensive nursing care in a variety of
specialtyareas
Management of spINA BIFIDA
s a syndrome or sign resulting from the
disturbances in the dynamics of CSF
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus caused by various conditions such
as:
- Congenital
- Acquired condition (intraventricular
hemorrhage, tumor, CSF infection,
or head injury)
Three Factors that Influence the dinical
picture in hydrocephalus are the following:
- Acuity of onset
- Timing of onset
- Associated structural malformation.
predominant sign in hydrocephalus infant
head enlargement
in older infants
and children the lesions responsible for
hydrocephalus produce
adjacent structures
other neurologic signs through pressure on
Preterm infant with hydrocephalus is high
risk for
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Signs of Hydrocephalus in Infant
-Head grows in an abnormal rate
-Bulging of fontanels (with or without head
enlargement)
-Anterior fontanel is tense
-Scalp veins are dilated esp. when the baby
cries
Signs of Hydrocephalus in Children
-Check the ICP (Intracranial Pressure) if it is
increased.
-If ICP increased the child will complain
headache on awakening with improvement
later
-Followed by emesis, uprate posture,
strabismus
-Irritable, lethargic, confuse and incoherent
PERINAUD SYSNDROME
UPGAZE PALSY
PARINAUD WITH LID RETRACTION AND INCREASED TONIC DOWNGAZE
SETTING SUN SIGN
MOST COMMON TX FOR HYDROCEPHALUS
SHUNT
3 TYPE OF SHUUNT
INFLOW CATHETER
VALVE MECHANISM
OUTFLOW CATHETER
DRAINS CSF FROM VENTRICLES
INFLOW CATHETER
REGULATES PRESSURE CONTROL
VALVE MECHANISM
RUNS UNDER THE SKIN AND MOVES THE CSF TO PERITONEAL CAVITY
OUTFLOW CATHETER
-It is a neurologic disorder characterized by
carly onset and impaired movement and
posture. lt is non progressive and may be
accompanied by perceptual problems,
language deficits, and intellectual
involvement.
Cerebral Palsy
-It characterized by abnormal muscle tone
and coordination as primary disturbance
Cerebral Palsy
-It is the most common permanent physical
disability of childhood.
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy CAUSES
- Prenatal factors
- Perinatal factors
- Postnatal factors
EXCESSIVE TONE IN VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
SPASTIC TYPE CEREBRAL PALSY
ABNORMAL INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT ‘WORMLIKE’
ATHETOID/DYSKINETIC TYPE CEREBRAL PALSY
INVOLVEMENT HAVE AN AWKWARD, WIDE BASED GAIT
ATAXIC TYPE CEREBRAL PALSY
SHOWS SPASTICITY AND ATHETOID MOVEMENT
MIXED TYPE
it is an acute inflammation of the
meninges and CSF
Bacterial Meningitis
it remains a significant cause of
illness in the pediatric-age groups
because of undiagnosed and
untreated or inadequately treated
cases caused by bacterial agents, H
influenza type B
Bacterial Meningitis
route of infection of bacterial meningitis
Vascular dissemination
fluid pressure is
measured and samples are obtained
for culture
- lumbar puncture
- the child may resist the flexion of
the neck, neck stiffness until the
neck is drawn into
Manifestation of Bacterial meningitis
- injuries are usually attributed to
extreme heat source but may also result
from exposure to cold, chemicals,
electricity, or radiation
burns
n the third leading
cause of unintentional injury-related death
among children 14 years and under
-fire and burns
-The majority of burns results from contact
with
thermal agents
caused by household
current have the greatest incidence in young
children, who insert conductive objects into
electrical outlets or bite, suck on connected
electrical cords
-Electrical injuries
can cause extensive injury.
The severity of injury is related to the
chemical agent
Chemical burns
is a three-dimensional
wound is also assessed in relation to the a is
also assessed in relation to the depth of
injury.
-Thermal injury
are classified as
superficial wounds which are usually of
minor significance.
First Degree Burns
-Tissue damage is minimum, the protective
function of the skin remain intact, and
systemic effect are rare. Pain is the
predominant symptom, and the burn heals
within 7 days without scarring. Mild
sunburn is an example of a ___________
First Degree Burns:
partial thickness
injuries involve the epidermis and varying
degrees of the dermis, sweat glands and hair
follicles are intact
Second Degree Burns:
-These wounds are painful, moist, red, and
blistered. Dermal elements are intact, and
the wound should heal in approximately 14
days with variable amount of scarring. The
wound is extremely sensitive to temperature
changes, exposure to ait, and light touch.
Sweat
Second Degree Burns
or full-thickness burns are
serious injuries that involve the entire
epidermis and dermis and extend into
subcutaneous tissue.
Third Degree burn
- they lack sensation in injury because of the
destruction of the nerve endings
Third Degree burns
: are also full-thickness
injuries and involved underlying structures
such as muscles, fascia, and bone. The
wound appears dultand diy, and ligaments,
tendons, and bone may be exposed.
Fourth Degree Burns
require the services
and facilities of a specialized burn
center with expertise in burn care
major burn
may be treated in
the hospital i dinar bum: am be
treated in an out patient
moderate burn
can be treated in an
outpatient basis.
minor burn
Usually associated with industrial
exposure
chemical Burns
effects of Hot Air
Hot Steam
Laryngeal obstruction
Bronchospasm
effects of Smoke
Hot Particles
Aspiration
Mucosal Slough
Infection
Bronchiolar plugging
Atelectasis
Bronchospasm
effects of Irritant gases
Pneumonia
Pulmonary Edema
-This is the immediate consequence
of fluid loss and results in decreased
perfusion and oxygen delivery.
Hypovolemia
forms rapidly after burn injury
edema
- Circulating blood volume decreases
dramatically during burn shock.
Decreased circulating blood volume
- is common during the first week of the
acute phase, as water shifts from the
interstitial space to the vascular spacce
Hyponatremia
-Loss of skin results in an inability to
regulate body temperature
Hypothermia
-It is a Chronic inflammatory disorder of the
airways, in which many cells play a rule.
asthma
-these episodes are usually associated with
variable air flow with limitation or obstruction
asthma
-In children inflammation causes recurrent
episodes. Like wheezing, breathlessness, chest
tightness and cough particularly at night in the
early morning.
asthma
a also
causes an associated increase in the bronchial
hyper responsiveness.
asthma
a is a chronic disease with acute
exacerbations characterized by intermittent
airway obstruction in response to a variety
of stimuli.
asthma
common chronic illness in children
ashtma
called Atopic/allergic
asthma. An “allergen” or an “antigen” is a
foreign particle which enters the body
Extrinsic Asthma
called non-allergic
asthma, is not allergy-related, in fact it is
caused by anything except an allergy.
Intrinsic asthma
is a type of cancer of
blood or bone marrow
- Characterized by an abnormal
increase of immature white blood
cells called “blasts”.
Leukemia
is the soft, spongy
tissue in the center cavity of all
bones.
bone marrow
Two most common leukimia
Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)
- Acute non-lymphoid (myelogenous)
leukemia (AMLL or AML)
peak incidence in 2 to 6 years more
in boys than girls. median age in
adults- 35years
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
occurs when one or more parts of the
urinary system (kidneys, ureters,
bladder or urethra) become infected
with a pathogen (most frequently,
bacteria).
UTI
The 3 basic forms of UTI are:
- pyelonephritis,
- cystitis, and
- asymptomatic bacteriuria.
is the most common serious
bacterial infection in infants
Pyelonephritis
s a bacterial infection of the
kidneys
o It can be acute or chronic and is most
often due to ascending of bacteria
from bladder up to ureters
Pyelonephritis
indicates that there is bladder
involvement: symptoms include dysuria,
urgency, frequency, suprapubic pain,
incontinence, and malodorous urine.
Cystitis
