1. skin depression or dimple 2. port-wine angiomatous nevi 3. dark tufts of hair 4. soft subcutaneous lipomas

1. Spina Bifida Cutaneous indications

Ma'am Oledan 2 semis Flashcards by JARED CROIX LEDESMA

congenital aganglionic megacolon

Hirschsprung disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

characterized by persistent constipation: partial or complete intestinal obstruction

Hirschsprung Disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

congenital anomaly thatt results in mechanical obstruction

Hirschsprung Disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

absence of ganglion cells results in loss of rectosphinteric reflex

results in a lack of enteric nervous system

HD internal sphincter does not relax

Hirschsprung Disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a midline defects of the spinal cord
involving the failure of the osseous
(bony) spine to close

common defects of CNS

Spina Bifida

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

two categories of Spina Bifida

SB occulta
SB cystica

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to a defect that is not visible
externally It occurs most commonly
in the lumbosacral area

Spina Bifida Occulta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

it is not apparent unless there is
neuromuscular disturbances (static
changes in gait, foot deformity,
bowel and bladder disturbance)

. Spina Bifida Occulta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

skin depression or dimple
port-wine angiomatous nevi
dark tufts of hair
soft subcutaneous lipomas

Spina Bifida Cutaneous indications

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to the visible defects with an
external saclike protrusion

. Spina Bifida Cystica

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two major forms SB Cystica

Meningocele

Myelomeningocele

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which encases
meninges and spinal fluid but no
neural elements

Meningocele

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which contains
meninges, spinal fluid and nerves

Myelomeningocele
(meningomyelocele)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

related to to the normal formative
stages of the nervous system on the
first trimester of pregnancy

Spina bifida causes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

it requires a multidisciplinary
approach involving the specialties of
Neurology,
Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Urology,
Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, Physical
Therapy, Social Service and
intensive nursing care in a variety of
specialtyareas

Management of spINA BIFIDA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

s a syndrome or sign resulting from the
disturbances in the dynamics of CSF

Hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hydrocephalus caused by various conditions such
as:

Congenital
Acquired condition (intraventricular
hemorrhage, tumor, CSF infection,
or head injury)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three Factors that Influence the dinical
picture in hydrocephalus are the following:

Acuity of onset
Timing of onset
Associated structural malformation.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

predominant sign in hydrocephalus infant

head enlargement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in older infants
and children the lesions responsible for
hydrocephalus produce

adjacent structures
other neurologic signs through pressure on

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Preterm infant with hydrocephalus is high
risk for

Intraventricular hemorrhage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Signs of Hydrocephalus in Infant

-Head grows in an abnormal rate

-Bulging of fontanels (with or without head
enlargement)

-Anterior fontanel is tense

-Scalp veins are dilated esp. when the baby
cries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Signs of Hydrocephalus in Children

-Check the ICP (Intracranial Pressure) if it is
increased.

-If ICP increased the child will complain
headache on awakening with improvement
later

-Followed by emesis, uprate posture,
strabismus

-Irritable, lethargic, confuse and incoherent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PERINAUD SYSNDROME

UPGAZE PALSY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PARINAUD WITH LID RETRACTION AND INCREASED TONIC DOWNGAZE

SETTING SUN SIGN

MOST COMMON TX FOR HYDROCEPHALUS

SHUNT

3 TYPE OF SHUUNT

INFLOW CATHETER VALVE MECHANISM OUTFLOW CATHETER

DRAINS CSF FROM VENTRICLES

INFLOW CATHETER

REGULATES PRESSURE CONTROL

VALVE MECHANISM

RUNS UNDER THE SKIN AND MOVES THE CSF TO PERITONEAL CAVITY

OUTFLOW CATHETER

-It is a neurologic disorder characterized by carly onset and impaired movement and posture. lt is non progressive and may be accompanied by perceptual problems, language deficits, and intellectual involvement.

Cerebral Palsy

-It characterized by abnormal muscle tone and coordination as primary disturbance

Cerebral Palsy

-It is the most common permanent physical disability of childhood.

Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral Palsy CAUSES

1. Prenatal factors 2. Perinatal factors 3. Postnatal factors

EXCESSIVE TONE IN VOLUNTARY MUSCLE

SPASTIC TYPE CEREBRAL PALSY

ABNORMAL INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT 'WORMLIKE'

ATHETOID/DYSKINETIC TYPE CEREBRAL PALSY

INVOLVEMENT HAVE AN AWKWARD, WIDE BASED GAIT

ATAXIC TYPE CEREBRAL PALSY

SHOWS SPASTICITY AND ATHETOID MOVEMENT

MIXED TYPE

it is an acute inflammation of the meninges and CSF

Bacterial Meningitis

it remains a significant cause of illness in the pediatric-age groups because of undiagnosed and untreated or inadequately treated cases caused by bacterial agents, H influenza type B

Bacterial Meningitis

route of infection of bacterial meningitis

Vascular dissemination

fluid pressure is measured and samples are obtained for culture

- lumbar puncture

- the child may resist the flexion of the neck, neck stiffness until the neck is drawn into

Manifestation of Bacterial meningitis

- injuries are usually attributed to extreme heat source but may also result from exposure to cold, chemicals, electricity, or radiation

burns

n the third leading cause of unintentional injury-related death among children 14 years and under

-fire and burns

-The majority of burns results from contact with

thermal agents

caused by household current have the greatest incidence in young children, who insert conductive objects into electrical outlets or bite, suck on connected electrical cords

-Electrical injuries

can cause extensive injury. The severity of injury is related to the chemical agent

Chemical burns

is a three-dimensional wound is also assessed in relation to the a is also assessed in relation to the depth of injury.

-Thermal injury

are classified as superficial wounds which are usually of minor significance.

First Degree Burns

-Tissue damage is minimum, the protective function of the skin remain intact, and systemic effect are rare. Pain is the predominant symptom, and the burn heals within 7 days without scarring. Mild sunburn is an example of a ___________

First Degree Burns:

partial thickness injuries involve the epidermis and varying degrees of the dermis, sweat glands and hair follicles are intact

Second Degree Burns:

-These wounds are painful, moist, red, and blistered. Dermal elements are intact, and the wound should heal in approximately 14 days with variable amount of scarring. The wound is extremely sensitive to temperature changes, exposure to ait, and light touch. Sweat

Second Degree Burns

or full-thickness burns are serious injuries that involve the entire epidermis and dermis and extend into subcutaneous tissue.

Third Degree burn

- they lack sensation in injury because of the destruction of the nerve endings

Third Degree burns

: are also full-thickness injuries and involved underlying structures such as muscles, fascia, and bone. The wound appears dultand diy, and ligaments, tendons, and bone may be exposed.

Fourth Degree Burns

require the services and facilities of a specialized burn center with expertise in burn care

major burn

may be treated in the hospital i dinar bum: am be treated in an out patient

moderate burn

can be treated in an outpatient basis.

minor burn

Usually associated with industrial exposure

chemical Burns

effects of Hot Air Hot Steam

Laryngeal obstruction Bronchospasm

effects of Smoke Hot Particles Aspiration

Mucosal Slough Infection Bronchiolar plugging Atelectasis Bronchospasm

effects of Irritant gases

Pneumonia Pulmonary Edema

-This is the immediate consequence of fluid loss and results in decreased perfusion and oxygen delivery.

Hypovolemia

forms rapidly after burn injury

edema

- Circulating blood volume decreases dramatically during burn shock.

Decreased circulating blood volume

- is common during the first week of the acute phase, as water shifts from the interstitial space to the vascular spacce

Hyponatremia

-Loss of skin results in an inability to regulate body temperature

Hypothermia

-It is a Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, in which many cells play a rule.

asthma

-these episodes are usually associated with variable air flow with limitation or obstruction

asthma

-In children inflammation causes recurrent episodes. Like wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough particularly at night in the early morning.

asthma

a also causes an associated increase in the bronchial hyper responsiveness.

asthma

a is a chronic disease with acute exacerbations characterized by intermittent airway obstruction in response to a variety of stimuli.

asthma

common chronic illness in children

ashtma

called Atopic/allergic asthma. An "allergen" or an “antigen" is a foreign particle which enters the body

Extrinsic Asthma

called non-allergic asthma, is not allergy-related, in fact it is caused by anything except an allergy.

Intrinsic asthma

is a type of cancer of blood or bone marrow - Characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts".

Leukemia

is the soft, spongy tissue in the center cavity of all bones.

bone marrow

Two most common leukimia

Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) 2. Acute non-lymphoid (myelogenous) leukemia (AMLL or AML)

peak incidence in 2 to 6 years more in boys than girls. median age in adults- 35years

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

occurs when one or more parts of the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra) become infected with a pathogen (most frequently, bacteria).

UTI

The 3 basic forms of UTI are:

1. pyelonephritis, 2. cystitis, and 3. asymptomatic bacteriuria.

is the most common serious bacterial infection in infants

Pyelonephritis

s a bacterial infection of the kidneys o It can be acute or chronic and is most often due to ascending of bacteria from bladder up to ureters

Pyelonephritis

indicates that there is bladder involvement: symptoms include dysuria, urgency, frequency, suprapubic pain, incontinence, and malodorous urine.

Cystitis