Older Persons Flashcards
What is GEMS diamond and when to use
Geriatric patients
Environmental assessment
Medical assessment
Social assessment
Use for older patients
Older person circulation problems
Increased atherosclerosis =decreased cardiac function
Structural breakdown in the arterial wall -longer thicker wider and stuffer so reduced cardiac output
Damage to vascular endothelium because of increased angiotensin II increased inflammatory markers and nitric oxide, means disruption to elastin and increased collagen so arterial thickening
Older person Circulation problems 2
Increase systolic bp, decreased diastolic =increasing after load
Postural hypotension- baroreceptors less sensitive to change in blood volume and heart is less response to adrenaline and noradrenaline
Pooling of blood in the veins of legs - varicose veins
Thrombi and emboli form easily due to calcium deposits damaging vessels
Older person heart problems
Ventricles work harder and become thicker and less elastic. This thickening and stiffening decreases filling in the ventricle, thus decreasing cardiac output
Stiffening of heart valves =may cause heart murmur
Sa/Av node decreases in amount of pacemaker cells =arrhythmias
Decreased in bundle branch fibres = bundle branch block
Decreased myocardial sensitivity to beta- adrenergic stimulation
Older person respiratory problems
Blunted reflexes - coughing
Decreased ability to clear secretions
Increased susceptibility to infection and disease
Decreased sensitivity to chemoreceptors, sluggish response to the stimuli (leads to lower arterial oxygen concentration, so lower SpO2) (brain stem, phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles)
Changes in bone and teeth alter shape harder to ventilate
Cilia lessen
Older person respiratory problems 2
Kyphosis and scoliosis reduce functional space for expansion and contraction of thoracic cavity
Muscle weakness affect lung compliance and ability to keep structures open. Cause wheeze, collapsing causes air trap in alveoli
Decrease in elastic tissue in lungs reduces tidal volume, vital capacity. Alveoli reduce in number less gas exchange
Residual volume increased- leaving stagnant alveoli lead to relative hypercarbia and acidosis
Older person overall problem with nervous system
Slower reflexes, delayed responses, changes in balance, altered kinaesthetic senses. So increased risk of falls
Older persons problems with brain
Reduced brain size and mass - reduced cortex
Reduction in cerebral blood flow and metabolism- due to atherosclerosis
Central conduction decreased
Shrinkage of brain leads to void between brain and skull
Cause stretching of bridging veins that return blood from inside the brain to dura mater lead to tearing and bleeding
Bleeds can empty into void not notice subdural haemtoma
Older persons problem with nerve cells
Reduction in neurones
Synapses decrease and neurotransmitter decreases
Catecholamines synthesis reduces, disposal increases
Neurones accumulate deposits
Nerve endings deteriorate - sensation becomes diminished/ misinterpreted
Pain in injured area may not be felt, may be in another area
Older person problem with renal/ gastric systems overall
Saliva decreases not able to process complex carbs
Decreases intestinal motility - constipation
Decrease in gastric secretions
Blood flow to mesenteries decreases reduce nutrients absorbed
Increased risk of gallstones
Older persons kidney problems
Decrease in volume and weight
Renal flow decreases
Decrease in glomeruli decreased creatinine clearance
Filtration function decreases
Longer half life in certain drugs (digoxin, penicillin)
Increase in blood urea nitrogen
Decrease in protein intake
More susceptible to dehydration and hyponatremia
Older persons bladder problems
Urinary incontinence
Capacity decreases, late sensation
Overflow incontinence
Older person liver problems
Decrease in weight
Hepatic metabolism diminishes, decrease in blood flow, decrease in metabolic enzymes
Environmental stresses
Certain drugs metabolise slower (diazepam)
Decrease in number and function of B cells (insulin)
Older person msk problems
Muscles atrophy
Muscle fibres are fewer and smaller
Motor neurones decline in number
Ligaments and cartilage lose elasticity
Muscle mass decreases snd is replaced by fat
Lose height and structure e.g kyphosis
Generalised loss of bone density- bone reabsorption exceeds new production
Older person immune system problems
Depressed immune response
Decreased fever response
Thymus shrinks so T cell activity decrease
Decline in cell mediate immunity
Increased risk of infection and cancers
Potential for reactivation of dormant shingles and tb
Ability to manufacture antibodies diminished
Older person integumentary problems
Skin is thinner, drier, less elastic and fragile
Subcutaneous fat is thinner
Elastic and collagen decrease
Skin tears from light contact
Skin healing slower due to diminished capillary blood flow
Bed sores
Sweat production decreases
Older person sensory changes
Presbyopia- normal with age
Small pupils and opacity of the eyes lens - lower visual acuity and makes pupils sluggish
Upward gaze may be limited due to degeneration of elevator muscles
Narrowing of visual fields, decrease peripheral vision
Potential for macular degeneration
Hearing loss
ADME - how is absorption affected in the older person
Gastric motility, longer and less
Increase gastric ph due to less production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach - delay absorption of of acidic oral drugs
Passage of food from stomach to intestine less efficient
Reduced gi blood flow less absorption
Can increase effect of ulcerogenic effects e.g NSAIDs
ADME - how is distribution affected in the older person
Poor circulation
Changes in body composition, plasma protein concentration and blood flow to major organs
Increased body fat and decreased body water, highly lipid soluble drugs have prolonged duration (benzodiazepines)
Less plasma protein could lead to increased incidences of side effects
ADME - how is metabolism affected in older persons
Takes longer in liver
Metabolism directly related to blood flow
Size of liver reduces so number of hepatocytes reduced
First pass metabolism reduces with age, end up achieving higher blood vessels
More at risk of hepatitis particularly with nsaids
Adme -how is excretion affected in the older person
Renal function varies, excretion varies
Drugs can build up in older patients due to reduced kidney function
If they have a slow time release may result in toxicity, patient have increased sensitivity to some drugs
What is postural hypotension
20mmhg drop in systolic and 10mmHG in diastolic
Or
Below 90 with symptoms