(OLD) €h 01 - Principles Of Transmission Flashcards by Ali Jeffery

1–2 electrical conductors

Common electrical conductor =

Except fiber or silver alloy (does not belong)

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1-1 Metallica media – general

Volts, amp, ohm =

V, A, (ohm)

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1–2 description of conductors

Copper =

100% conductivity

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1–2 description of conductors

Alloy Copper =

Adverse conductivity

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1–3 solid conductor properties

Aluminum corrosion resistance =
Aluminum oxidation resistance =

Good

* poor

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1–4 solid vs stranded conductors

Advantages solid conductors =

Better transmission

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1–4 solid vs stranded conductors

Advantages stranded conductors =
(2). ^

more flexible

* except better transmission (does not belong)

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1–5 AWG intro

AWG =
2

American wire gauge

* accepted in North America

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1–5 insulation intro

PVC =
PE =

Inside

* OSP

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1–6 insulation intro

Teflon trademark =

du Pont

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1–6 insulation intro

FEP trademark =

Daikin

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1–6 insulation intro

Halar trademark =

Solvay

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1–7 insulation electrical characteristics

Dielectric strength =

Measures maximum voltage

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1–8 balance twisted pair cable

Twisting pairs =

Minimize Crosstalk

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1–8 balance twisted-pair cable

Capacitance =

Electrical field

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1–8 balance twisted-pair cable

Mutual inductance =

Measure magnetic field

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1-8 balance twisted-pair cable

Pair twists =

Counterclockwise

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1–8 balance twisted-pair cable

Tight twists =

Preserves cable shape

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1–9 environmental considerations – temperature

Balance twisted-pair cable =

Increased attenuation above 68°F

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1–9 environmental considerations – temperature

High temperatures in =
3

Exterior
ceilings
mechanical rooms

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1-14 types of shields

Shields =

Except fiber related, does not belong

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1-14 types of shields

Solid wall metal tubes (conduit) =

Best possible shield

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1–15 types of cable

Braid shield =
2

audio = good

* magnetic field = poor

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1–15 types of

Foil shield =

Excellent

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1–15 shield effectiveness Poor = Excellent =

* Less than 20 dB | * more than 60 dB

1–15 shield effectiveness Permeability =

Magnetic substance

1-16 drain wires Shield not properly grounded =

Effectiveness reduced

1-16 drain wire applications Drain wire =

Longitudinally

One – 17 analog signal intro | Analog = 2

* wave | * example - sinusoid

1-18 sinusoidal signal Human hearing =

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

1-18 sinusoidal signal Voice circuits =

300 to 3400 Hz

1-18 sinusoidal signal Kilohertz =

1000 Hz

1-19 sinusoidal signal Phase =

Time

1-19 sinusoidal signal One cycle =

360 degrees

1-20 sinusoidal signal Sinusoidal theorem =

Joseph Fourier

1-21 decibel (dB) If you have one watt of power on your input and one watt on your output, what is the total amount lost in dB?

``` 1000 500 = 3 250 = 3 125 = 3 62.5 = 3 31.25 = 3 15.625 = 3 7.8125 = 3 3.90 = 3 1.95 = 3 .97 = 3 = 30dB ^ ```

1-22 decibel dB Doubling power =

+3dB

1-22 decibel dB 1/2 power =

-3dB

1-22 Phenomenon =

Echo

1-23 telephony | Telecom transmission system = 3

* source energy * medium to carry * receiving

1-23 telephony Same load =

Same impedance

1-24 telephony 600 ohm impedance

Private line circuits

1-24 telephony 900 ohm impedance

Central office circuits

1-24 telephony echo Speed of light =

186,000 mi/s

1-24 telephony echo Speed of light in cable = Or EM radiation slows

.56c to .74c

1-24 telephony echo Satellite delay =

1/4 (0.25) second

1-25 telephony distortion D loading = H loading =

* 4495ft | * 6004ft

1-28 IP telephony VIOP power source =

Except bridge, does not belong

1-29 digital signals Digital signals =

Discrete steps

1-29 digital signals Analog to digital =

4th step - companding

1-30 analog-to-digital Analog sampling theorem =

Harry Nyquist

1-30 analog-to-digital | Companding = 2

* A-law - Europe | * Mu-law - United States, Canada, Japan

1-30 digital signal | PCM = 2

* pulse code modulation | * 256 levels

1-30 PCM 8000 samples/s x 8 bits / sample = How many levels?

64,000 b/s

1-31 PCM Codecs =

Conversion of speech

1-34 encoding | Encoding methods = 2

* AMI = alternate mark inversion; bipolar | * Manchester = +\- equal intervals; biphase

1-35 digital data to digital signal Baud (rate) =

Modems

1-36 digital data to digital signal Coding method STS-1 =

51.8 Mb/s

1-36 digital data to digital signal Coding method STS-3 =

155 Mb/s

1-41 types of transmission circuits | Transmission circuits = 3

* Simplex = one direction * Half-duplex = both directions one at a time * full-duplex = both directions at the same time

1-42 asynchronous and synchronous transmissions Asynchronous =

Start and stop

1-42 asynchronous and synchronous transmission Synchronous =

Efficient | Mastclock

1-43 digital hierarchy TDM =

Combine multiple data streams

1-43 digital hierarchy Basic ISDN =

Residential

1-43 digital hierarchy | Primary ISDN North America = 4

* large business * 1.544 Mb/s * 23 B channels * 1 D channel

1-43 digital hierarchy | Primary ISDN Europe = 4

* large business * 2.048 Mb/s * 30 B channels * 1 D channel

1-49 video transmission | Baseband signaling = 2

Composite and component

1-50 video transmission Component format RGB =

Red, green, blue

1-51 broadband video RF carrier=

Represents a TV channel

1-53 transmission line concepts Conductance (G) =

Represents leakage

1-59 transmission line concepts Crosstalk =

Signal interference

1-59 transmission line concept | NVP = 2

* percentage of the speed of light | * .62c

1-59 transmission line concept Balance twisted-pair cables =

.56c to .74c

1-60 transmission line concept | Delay skew = 2

* difference in propagation delay | * not to exceed 45ns

1-61 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Q= 10mW signal input lead and 10 microwatts of noise 1 dB of loss per 100ft in a 1000ft run. What is rage SNR?

20dB SNR (dB) = 20 log ( Vo / Vn) = 20 log (Vi / Vo) ``` Vo = received signal voltage level Vn = noise signal voltage level at the receiver Vi = transmitted signal voltage level ```

1-61 transmission line concepts | ACR = 2

* Attenuation to Crosstalk ratio | * minimum NEXT loss - maximum attenuation

1-63 balance twisted-pair performance Balance twisted pair cables =

Impedance of 100 ohms

1-72 balance twisted-pair applications ANSI/TIA/EIA-232-F =

150ft

1-72 balance twisted-pair applications DS1 rate =

2 twisted-pair

1-72 balance twisted-pair applications 100BASE – T4 =

4 twisted-pair

1-72 balanced twisted-pair applications 10GBASE-T =

4 twisted-pair

1-76 balanced twisted pair applications | Baluns = 3

* impedance matching device * twisted-pair to coaxial and coaxial to twisted-pair * UTP to coaxial

1-79 optical fiber intro | Simple model of telecom systems = 3

* transmitter * receiver * medium

1-80 optical fiber transmitters 850 nm 1300 nm

Multimode (mm)

1-80 optical fiber transmitter 1310 nm 1550 nm

Singlemode (sm)

1-86 optical fiber transmitters VCSEL =

Vertical cavity surface emitting laser

1-86 optical fiber transmitters | VSCEL advantages = 2

* cost-effective mm transmitter for gigabit ethernet and fibre channel * 10Gigabit and fibre channel

1-91 optical fiber medium Type. Bandwidth OM1 = OM2 = OM3 =

* 62.5um MM 200 & 500MHz*km * 50um MM 500 & 500MHz*km * 50um laser, VSCEL 2000 &500MHz*km

1-91. Optical fiber media OS2 =

Low-water peak

1-92 balance twisted-pair channel performance ISO Class C = ISO Class D =

Cat3, 16MHz | Cat5e, 100MHz

1-98 optical fiber bandwidth | Dispersion = 2

* bandwidth limitations | * light pulse to broaden

1-98 optical fiber bandwidth Measure maximum optical fiber dispersion =

Picoseconds (psec)

1-99 optical fiber bandwidth Chromatic dispersion =

Multimode

1-102 Optical fiber bandwidth Classifications of fiber =

MM & SM

1-102 optical fiber bandwidth MM 1Gb/s =

1804ft

1-106 optical fiber bandwidth Visible light wavelengths =

400nm to 700nm

1-106 optical fiber bandwidth wavelength =

Windows

1-107 optical fiber bandwidth | SM loss value = 2

* outside cable .5dB | * inside cable 1.0dB

1-109 optical fiber application support 12 connectors x 0.75dB = 6 connectors x 0.75dB =

* 9.3 | * 4.8

1-109 optical fiber application support info Maximum attenuation for 50um mm 62.5um mm Singlemode (OSP)

* 3.5dB & 1.5dB * 3.5dB & 1.5dB * 0.5dB & 0.5dB

1-116 verifying optical fiber performance and electronics compatibility Power penalty for: LED's Lasers

* 2dB | * 3dB

1-116 verifying optical fiber performance electronics compatibility Power penalty for repair margin =

Two repair splices

1-118 verifying optical fiber performance and electronics compatibility Temperature changes =

2dB/km

1-118 verifying optical fiber performance and electronics compatibility Maximum connection loss =

0.75dB

1-118 verifying optical fiber performance and electronics compatibility Splice loss =

0.3dB/km

1-118 verifying optical fiber performance and electronics compatibility Slice loss for fusion: MM & SM =

Max 0.3dB

1-118 verifying optical fiber performance and electronics compatibility Splice loss of mechanical: MM & SM =

Max 0.3dB

1-122 optical fiber SONET & SDH concepts SONET =

Synchronous optical network

1-122 optical fiber SONET & SDH concepts SDH =

Synchronous digital hierarchy

1-122 optical fiber SONET & SDH concepts STS-1/OC-1 =

51.84 MB/s | 672 voice channel

1-122 optical fiber SONET & SDH concepts STS-3/OC-3 =

155.52 MB/s | 2016 voice channels

1-122 optical fiber SONET & SDH concepts STS-12/OC-12 =

622.08 Mb/s | 8064 voice channels

1-123 optical fiber SONET & SDH concepts Multiplexing design =

(A) mux

1-124 optical fiber SONET & SDH concepts | WDM = 2

* wavelength division multiplexing | * uses lenses

1-124 optical fiber SONET & SDH concepts WDM lenses =

Refract and direct light

1-36 digital data to digital signals Coding method ISDN (basic) = ISDN (primary) =

* 160 Kb/s | * 1.544 Mb/s

1-90 optical fiber medium | Core size selection = 3

* active equipment * distance * bandwidth (data rate)

1-118 attenuation Fusion = Mechanical =

* permanent, 0.3 | * emergency/temporary,0.3

1-129 North American digital signal DS1 = DS1C = DS3 =

* 24 channels * 48 channels * 672 channels