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I & M > Old Exams : EXAM 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Old Exams : EXAM 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The letters ECG stand for what?

A

Electrocardiogram

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2
Q

Name of Waller’s dog used in early experiments?

A

Jimmie

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3
Q

Type of amplifier used in ECG monitoring?

A

Differential Input DC Amplifier

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4
Q

How is the right leg lead used in patient ECG monitoring?

A

Reference / grounding

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5
Q

What is the accuracy calculation?

A

(# of correct / # total) x 100

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6
Q

Which monitors are used for both the patient and the anesthesia delivery system?

A

Paw (peak airway)
Qaw (airway flow)
Vt (tidal volume)
Respiratory Gas Analyzer

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7
Q

What is the “J point” definition?

A

60-80 msec after the QRS

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8
Q

What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure?

A

(Pulse pressure / 3) + diastolic pressure

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9
Q

What is precision?

A

Degree of consistency between repeated measurements

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10
Q

What is the Nyquist rate used for?

What is Nyquist rate formula?

A

Used to faithfully reproduce an analog signal into digital form
2 x Fmax

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11
Q

ASA recommendation for the use of a circuit disconnect monitor?

A

Continuous monitoring

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12
Q

What is “help me” audible alarm?

A

Advisory audible alarm

1-2 beeps

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13
Q

What does the caution (3 beeps) audible alarm sound like?

A

“Help me please”

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14
Q

Which audible alarm says “Oh my god, help me” and repeats?

A

Warning audible alarm

5 beeps

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15
Q

What is the fourier components of a rapidly changing waveform?

A

Contains many high frequency components

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16
Q

Which is the most sensitive single lead for the detection of myocardial LV ischemia?

A

V5 = 75% effective

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17
Q

What is the most sensitive lead combination of the detection of myocardial LV ischemia?

A

V4 , V5, II = 96% effective
(V5 , II = 80%)
(V5, V4 = 90%)

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18
Q

How does the amplitude of R waves change with respiration?

A

Increases with inspiration

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19
Q

The meaning of the resultant vector in Einthoven’s triangle:

A

Is the vector component of the depolarizing dipole

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of peri-op arrhythmias?

A

Bovi ??

can someone please make sure this right i think they meaning the most common cause of seeing arrythmias on waveform, not actual arrythmias from patient however?

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21
Q

What is the location of the V4 ECG lead?

A

5th intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line

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22
Q

What is the most common type of electrodes used for ECG monitoring?

A

Ag - AgCl or column electrodes

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23
Q

What is the average amplitude of the R wave?

A

1 mV

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24
Q

What is the source of common mode interferences?

A 
60 Hz
Can occur with :
ECG near power cord/source
High electrode impedance from poor skin     contact
Faulty lead wire
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25
Q

What is the location of the V2 ECG lead?

A

Left Sternal border at 4th intercostal spadce

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26
Q

An normal QRS complex is displayed as a RS complex (no Q wave) in viewing what lead?

A

Lead III

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27
Q

What is the primary method that skin electrodes make contact with the volume conductor of the body?

A

Capacitive coupling through pores

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28
Q

What waves present during ventricular depolarization?

A

QRS

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29
Q

The AHA (american heart association) recommends what Hz for ECG diagnostic amplifiers?

A

0.05 Hz - 100 Hz

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30
Q

Which plane is seen between cardiac vector degrees 110* to - 30*?

A

Frontal plane

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31
Q

The transverse plane can be seen between what range of cardiac vectors?

A

30* to - 30*

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32
Q

The functions of an ECG monitor that requires the highest frequency range?

A

Pacemakers

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33
Q

What is “propagation of depolarization is seen as moving separation of charges”?

A

Dipole theory

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34
Q

What are examples of ECG manifestations of ischemia?

A 
Peak T waves
ST elevation
ST depression
T wave inversion
Q wave
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35
Q

What is the requirement of ASA standards of ECG monitoring?

A

Continuous

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36
Q

Augmented vector leads provide how much augmentation?

A

50%

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37
Q

What is the normal duration of S-T interval?

A

0.26 sec

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38
Q

Einthoven’s LAW

A

II = I + III

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39
Q

What is the most common mechanism that creates signal artifact in ECG?

A

Electrode slippage

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40
Q

MI (infarction) would be interpreted how?

A

Upward sloping S-T segments

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41
Q

Definition of specificity?

A

How reliable the device is at detecting true abnormal readings

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42
Q

What is the definition of an ECG interval?

A

From the beginning of one wave to beginning of another

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43
Q

Meaning of “continual”?

A

Repeated , non-stop

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44
Q

What is the definition of drift on signal reproduction?

A

Slow, low frequency component of the signal

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45
Q

What ion crosses the cell membrane during the initial depolarization of myocardial contraction?

A

Na

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46
Q

aVR lead use what leads?

A 
RA lead (+)
LA , LL leads (-)
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47
Q

Which term means the degree of consistency between repeated measurements of the same quantity?

A

Precision

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48
Q

During LV depolarization, aVR lead will have what kind of deflection?

A

Negative deflection

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49
Q

Biphasic waves have what kind of axis?

A

Perpendicular 90* axis

50
Q

What is full scale accuracy variation?

A

+/- 1 standard deviation

51
Q

Bradycardia is what kind of sinus arrhythmia?

A

Benign sinus arrhythmia

52
Q

What is reproducibility ?

A

Ability to maintain precision during long term use

53
Q

What fixes random errors in monitoring?

A

Averaging fixes random errors

54
Q

Meaning of “stethescope”?

A

Chest exam

55
Q

What electrode is white?

56
Q

What electrode color is LL?

57
Q

What electrode is black?

58
Q

What color is the reference electrode and how is labeled?

59
Q

Precordial (V) lead is what color?

60
Q

What is the ASA motto?

61
Q

What in the cell maintains electrical potential differences?

A

Na - K pump

62
Q

What is the A-H interval?

A

The time from initial deflection of the atrial wave to the deflection of the bundle of HIS

63
Q

What does the A-H interval approximate and how long is it?

A

Approximates the conduction time through the AV node.

normally 50 -120 msec

64
Q

What is the interference theory?

A

Theory in which some tissue repolarizes (myocardium) in the opposite direction of the depolarization. The ECG then is a result of the spatial and temporal summation of electrical activity of the heart as seen by electrodes placed externally

65
Q

Vector I has what 2 possible axis degrees?

A

0 and +/- 180 degrees

66
Q

Vector II has what 2 possible axis degrees?

A

+60 and -120 degrees

67
Q

Vector III has what 2 possible axis degrees?

A

+120 and -60 degrees

68
Q

What kind of wave does hyperkalemia cause?

69
Q

How long are each of the segments and waves in the ECG?

A 
P-R segment = 0.08 msec
P-R Interval = 0.16 msec
QRS complex = 0.06 -0.10 msec
S-T segment = 0.12 msec
S-T interval = 0.28 msec
Q-T Interval = 0.36 msec
70
Q

What is the best way for determining heart rate?

What is the second most used way?

A 
Arterial waveform
Pulse ox (but remember tells you pulse rate)
71
Q

Kirchhoff’s Voltage law is what?

A

The sum of the voltage variations around a loop is zero. Rt = R1 + R2 + R2

72
Q

Kirchhoff’s Current law is what?

A

The sum of all currents that converge on a node will be zero. (1/Rt) = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3)

73
Q

What is also known as the balance equation?

A

The wheatstone bridge

74
Q

Capacitors =

A

compliance

75
Q

Series capacitance equation

A

(1/Ct) = (1/C1) + (1/C2) + (1/C3)

Opposite charges get so close that they cancel each other out

76
Q

Parallel capacitance equation

A

Ct = C1 + C2 + C3

77
Q

In series capacitance, what happens to current?

A

Current decreases as time increases due to charge buildup on capacitor.
Current also increases as time increases due to diminished impediment from the inductor

78
Q

In series capacitance, what happens to voltage?

A

Voltage across the capacitor increases as time increase due to charge buildup on capacitor

79
Q

Inductors =

80
Q

Series inductance equation?

A

Lt = L1 + L2 + L3

81
Q

Parallel inductance equation?

A

(1/Lt) = (1/L1) + (1/L2) + (1/L3)

82
Q

Most circulatory systems are what kind of system?

A

Parallel systems

83
Q

The electrical diode is analogous to what in vascular system?

A

Vascular valve

84
Q

The maximum amplitude in either the positive or negative half cycle?

A

Peak amplitude

85
Q

Peak to peak amplitude is what?

A

twice the peak amplitude and includes positive to negative maxima

86
Q

Average amplitude is what?

A

the average amplitude for either half cycle

= 0.637 x peak amplitude

87
Q

The amplitude a DC signal would need to be in order to provide the same average power is what?

A 
RMS amplitude (root mean square)
= 0.707 x peak amplitude
88
Q

What is the most dangerous frequency?

A

50 - 60 Hz

89
Q

What is the branch of chemistry concerned with measuring the proportions of elements that combine when chemical reactions take place?

A

Stoichiometry

90
Q

What is the rule of arrhenius?

A

The rate of a reaction is doubled when the temperature of the initial mixture is raised by 10*C

91
Q

What does PASS for fire extinguishers mean?

A

Pull the pin
Aim the nozzle
Squeeze the trigger
Sweep from side to side

92
Q

What is unit that measures the amount of radiation being given off or emitted by radioactive material?

A

Ci (curie)

93
Q

The Rad or grey measures what?

A

The radiation dose absorbed by a person (the amount of energy deposited in human tissue by radiation)

94
Q

Name 2 high energy lasers

A

Geiger

Scintillation

95
Q

T or F: The x-ray is high frequency protons?

96
Q

The most dangerous laser for skin?

97
Q

The most dangerous laser for subcutaneous layer?

98
Q

The most dangerous deep tissue laser?

99
Q

What risk of lasers is associated with a “sizzle”?

A

Direct intrabeam viewing

100
Q

What risk of lasers is associated with a “pop”?

A

Specular reflection

101
Q

What risk of lasers is associated with “ouch”?

A

Diffuse reflection

102
Q

The laser hazard associated with atmospheric contamination?

A

Laser plume

103
Q

Laser injuries breakdown

A

Perforation : 24%
Gas embolism : 24%
Eye exposure: 19%
Other burns: 9%

104
Q

% difference

A

A-B / average

105
Q

% error

A

(True- measured)/true

106
Q

Sensitivity

A

Hit / (hits + misses)

107
Q

Specificity

A

Correct rejections/ (correct+false alarms )

108
Q

What is most immediate indication of circuit disconnect?

A

Bellows collapse

109
Q

Recognition of the CS5 lead

A

RA lead placed centrally near subclavian artery
LA misplaced at V5 or leads switched
Waveform selected to view would be Lead I

110
Q

What is the most common cause of upward sloping ST segments?

A

Infarction

111
Q

Augmented vector leads provide what percent augmentation?

112
Q

What is the only continuous ASA monitoring standard?

A

ECG

Circulation, Oxygen, Vent are all continual

113
Q

What is most immediate indication of circuit disconnect?

A

Bellows collapse

114
Q

Recognition of the CS5 lead

A

RA lead placed centrally near subclavian artery
LA misplaced at V5 or leads switched
Waveform selected to view would be Lead I

115
Q

What is the most common cause of upward sloping ST segments?

A

Infarction

116
Q

Augmented vector leads provide what percent augmentation?

117
Q

What is the only continuous ASA monitoring standard?

A

ECG

Circulation, Oxygen, Vent are all continual

118
Q

What is most immediate indication of circuit disconnect?

A

Bellows collapse

119
Q

Recognition of the CS5 lead

A

RA lead placed centrally near subclavian artery
LA misplaced at V5 or leads switched
Waveform selected to view would be Lead I

120
Q

What is the most common cause of upward sloping ST segments?

A

Infarction

121
Q

Augmented vector leads provide what percent augmentation?

122
Q

What is the only continuous ASA monitoring standard?

A

ECG

Circulation, Oxygen, Vent are all continual

I & M (37 decks)

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