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1
Q

what is surveillance?

A

it is a process of gathering information to ensure that disease outbreaks are pre-empted or identified early

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2
Q

what is a drug that is commonly used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus?

A

gancicolovir

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3
Q

what is trimethoprim?

A

it is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor that is commonly used in the treatment of UTIs

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4
Q

what is disinfection?

A

it is a method of removing sufficient numbers of microorganisms that are potentially harmful and therefore making an item safe to use

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5
Q

what is schistosomiasis?

A

it is a parasitic disease that is associated with bladder cancer

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6
Q

what is meropenem?

A

it is a last line drug treatment for the multi resistant enterobactericae

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7
Q

what is cryptosporidiosis?

A

it is a parasitic disease that is commonly associated with diarrhoea

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8
Q

where are the greatest number of newly infected individuals with HIV found?

A

Africa

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9
Q

what are transponons?

A

they enable horizontal transfer of resistance

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10
Q

what is zidovudine?

A

is it a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor which is an analogue of thymidine

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11
Q

what is giardia lamblia?

A

it is a type of flagellate protozoa

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12
Q

what is fluclonazole?

A

it is a commonly used triazole drug

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13
Q

what is metronidazole?

A

it is a drug that is commonly used to treat anaerobic bacterial infection

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14
Q

what is largely responsible for the common cold?

A

rhinovirus

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15
Q

what is commensalism?

A

it is an association in which a parasite is deriving benefit without causing any harm to the host

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16
Q

what are tetracyclines?

A

they are a class of protein synthesis inhibitors that inhibit RNA translocation

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17
Q

what is measles?

A

it is a notifiable disease that is cause by paramyxovirus and preceded by Koplik’s spots

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18
Q

what is an adverse effect of azole therapy?

A

hepatotoxicity

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19
Q

what is MRSA commonly resistant to?

A

methicillin

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20
Q

how can we reduce susceptibility to infection?

A

immunisation

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21
Q

what is ergosterol?

A

it is a component of fungal cell membranes

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22
Q

what is norovirus?

A

it is a common cause of vomiting outbreaks in UK hospitals

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23
Q

what is sterilisation?

A

it is exposing single use disposable equipment to ionising radiation

24
Q

what is the main component of bacterial cell walls?

A

peptidoglycan

25
what group of bacteria can acquire resistance to vancomycin?
enterococci
26
what is rubella?
it is a mild disease with a non specific rash that can be devastating in pregnant women
27
what is aspergillosis?
it is a condition that is due to chronic pulmonary fungal infection
28
what is nevirapine?
it is a type of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
29
what can the therapeutic effect of immunomodulation result in?
immunopotentiation, immunosupression or induction of immunological tolerance
30
what is an allergic reaction?
it is a type of undesirable, damaging, discomfort producing and sometimes fatal reaction that is produced by the immune system against a innocuous antigen in a pre-sensitised host
31
what is SCID?
severe combined immunodeficiency is a paediatric emergency where there is a defect or absence in the critical T cell molecule and can be cured by haemopoeitic stem cell transplant
32
what are natural killer cells?
they are cellular components of the innate immune system
33
what are the characteristics of innate immunity?
it has no memory, responds quickly and only lasts a short amount of time
34
what is anti-TNF?
it is the first biologic to be used successfully in the treatment of RA and other inflammatory conditions such as Crohns, psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis but can increase the risk of TB
35
what is the atopic triad?
it consists of a skin condition, airway condition and nasopharyngeal condition called allergic rhinitis, that presents with nasal congestion, oedema and mucus and nasal polyps
36
when is HLA typing done?
it is done to reduce the rejection episodes or increase the chances of graft survival and is serological or molecular
37
what are the tuberculin test and poison ivy examples of?
type four delayed hypersensitivity reaction where granulomas can be seen on histology
38
what is HLA in the context of organ transplantation?
human leukocyte antigen
39
what is autoinflammation?
it is the process of a seemingly spontaneous attack of systemic inflammation with no demonstrable source of infection as the precipitating cause and an absence of high titre auto antibodies and antigen specific autoreactive T cells with no evidence of autoantigenic exposure
40
what is acute cellular rejection?
it is a T cell dependent immune process where the transplanted tissue may lose function 7-1- days after transplant
41
what are the types of rejection?
there are two that are antibody mediated and the other is cell mediated
42
what are common clinical manifestations of adverse reaction to food?
in the respiratory tract, skin and GIT
43
what is autoimmunity?
it is the process where the adaptive immune system recognises and targets the bodys own molecules, cells and tissues and instead of infectious agents and malignant cells
44
what will result in the triad of postural hypotension, hyponatraemia and hyperpigmentation?
patients with primary adrenal cortical insufficiency due to AI adrenalitis, adrenal dysgenesis or adrenal dysfunction
45
what is the pathology behind bone density decrease?
when the rate of bone formation drops in relation to the rate of bone resorption
46
what is the net effect of PTH?
to increase serum calcium levels
47
what are the vast majority of primary pituitary tumours?
adenomas
48
what will a growth hormone secreting pituitary tumour cause?
in children gigantism and in adults acromegaly
49
what is HbA1c?
glycated Hb
50
why might unnecessary surgical resection of a multinodular goitre occur?
the dominant node is clinically mistaken for a carcinoma
51
what is hashimotos?
it is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder of the thyroid that is associated with diffuse enlargement of the gland and thyroid autoantibodies that lead to an 80 fold increased risk of lymphoma
52
what is an insulinoma?
it is the most common tumour of the islets of langerhans and causes hypoglycaemia in blood testing - this leads to sweating, anxiety, palpitations and many other signs and symptoms
53
what happens after autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the islets of langerhans?
there is an ensuing disease that is often of rapid onset and presents with ketoacidosis metabolic syndrome
54
what does graves autoimmune process in the thyroid result in?
clinical hyperthyroidism and diffuse hyperplasia of the follicular epithelium
55
what is the result of the adult adrenal medullary tumour?
it is the episodic release of catecholamines and therefore results in panic attacks, headaches and hypertension
56
what is a papillary carcinoma?
it is the commonest type of thyroid carcinoma that is more common in females and can be secondary to radiation and can occur at any age

CP (38 decks)

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