general CP Flashcards
how much of diagnosis does CP aid?
up to 70%
what are the subdivisions of CP?
immunology, autopsies, biochemistry, haematology, tissue samples and microbiology
what does CP comprise?
it is aetiology and epidemiology, functional, biochemical and anatomical changes and natural history and prognosis
what is a parasite?
it is an organism that lives in or on another organism which is it’s host. It benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense
what is the host? what are the types of host?
a host is an organism which harbours the parasite.
define symbiosis?
when two species live together and have a close, long term interaction
what is mutualism?
an association in which both species benefit from the interaction. A definitive host is when the host harbours the adult stage of the parasite or when the parasite comes to use the sexual method of reproduction. A reservoir host is when the species infected serves as a source of infection for other species. An intermediate host will harbour the parasite during the asexual or larvae stages of the life, and is essential stage for the parasite. A paratenic host will harbour a parasite where it remains viable without further development.
how is parasitism and commensalism different?
in parasitism the parasite derives all benefit and the host gets nothing but always suffers some injury, whereas in commensalism the parasite is only deriving the benefit without causing injury to the host
which phylum of parasites do ameoboids, flagellates, sporozoans and trypanosomes belong to?
the phylum is protozoa
what are platyhelminths?
they are flukes and tape worms - flat worms
what are roundworms?
they are nematodes
which phylum do ectoparasites and blood sucking arthropods belong to?
arthropoda
what are protozoa?
they are single cell organisms - they are free living or parasitic and multiply in humans
give an example for the types of protozoa?
giardia - flagellate - fecal oral
entamoeba - amoeboid
plasmodium - sporozoan
leishmania - trypanosome
what does entaomeba cause?
dysentry and diarrhoea
who does taxoplasma affect?
it affects those with immunodeficiencies
what are helminths?
large, multicellular organisms of which they adults are generally visible by eye and cannot multiply in humans
give an example of each type of helminth?
in platyhelminths there are cestodes (tape worms) - taenia, and trematodes (flukes) - schistosoma. In nematodes there are intestinal or tissue nematodes. Intestinal is ascaris and tissue is onchocerca.
what are ectoparasites?
they are both blood sucking arthropods and those that burrow into skin. They are important transmitters of infection
what are examples of ectoparasites?
insects - anopheles or aedes
lice - pthiris pubis
mites - scabies
arachnids - argasids
how can we divide life cycles?
simple indirect (one intermediate host), complex indirect (different intermediate hosts)or direct
what is ascariasis?
it is a macroparasite (ascaris lumbricoides) caused by an intestinal nematode. It is common in areas of poor hygiene in 3-8 year olds. There is lung migration giving Loefflers syndrome and an intestinal phase. Diagnosis is by the egg or the worm and it is treated by albendazole which prevents the worm absorbing glucose.
describe schistosomiasis?
it is Bilharzia disease casued by a fluke/trematode/macro-parasite. It is the schistosoma fluke. It can cause chronic disease such as bladder cancer and liver cirrhosis. It is often asymptomatic but can cause a symptomatic acute infection - Katamaya syndrome - rash, fever, headache, myalgia and respiratory with hepato and or splenomegaly.
what are the symptoms and causes of hepatic and urinary schistosomiasis?
urinary is cause by schistosoma haemotobium - haematuria, bladder fibrosis and dysfunction and squamous cell CA cancer. Hepatic is caused by mansoni, intercallatum and mekongi and japonocium. This causes portal hypertension, hepatosplenomegaly, liver cirrhosis and abdo pain.
