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Oilseed Flashcards

1
Q

Oilseed

A

Any seed from cultivated crops yielding oil

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2
Q

Top seven oilseed production

A
  1. Soybean
  2. Rapeseed
  3. Cottonseed
  4. Peanuts
  5. Sunflower
  6. Palm kennel
  7. Copra
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3
Q

Plant store oil/ fat in

A

Seed
Cotyledons/ Endosperm
~ 75% of seed weight

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4
Q

Oil store in plant as

A

triacylglycerol

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5
Q

Global veg oil production keep increasing. how much % is for ediable purpose

A

~ 80%

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6
Q

How many known plant species are grown in organised agriculture

A

< 0.1%

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7
Q

Fatty acid biosynthesis is a ________ metabolic pathway for

A

primary

Cell division, growth and development

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8
Q

How many known plant species have been surveyed for their oil content

A

> 10%

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9
Q

Who is screening indigenous species for oil content to __________________

A

Kew Gardens is screening

to identify alternative crops for sustainable agriculture

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10
Q

screening indigenous species for oil content, because

A
  • Indigenous species often grow on small scale in a sustainable way
  • Wild oilseed species- high genetic diversity good for breeding progrems
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11
Q

Why do plants store lipids in seeds?

A

To provide energy for germination

  • efficient forms of energy store
  • 1 g of oil can convert to 2.7g carbohydrate
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12
Q

How lipid converted into sugar and energy

A

(TAG) > [Lipolysis] > Fatty acid
Fatty acid > [Beta- oxidation] > Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA > [ Citric acid cycle] > ATP or
Acetyl CoA > [Glyoxylate cycle] > Succinate (Sugar)

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13
Q

In US, soybean accounts for ? % of ediable oil/ fat

A

~80%

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14
Q

Soybean seed composed of ?% of oil

A

17%

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15
Q

Spreads made from veg oil contains ______ that helps ___________

A

Sterols, helps block cholesterol absorption

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16
Q

Rapeseed originally rich in ___________

In 1960’s, a new canola rapeseed variety was breed that accumulated ___________ in seed

A
  • erucic acid
  • less than 2% of erucic acid
  • now have more oleic acid
  • By 5 new breed or GM
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17
Q

Rapeseed contain

A

~ 35-45% oil
25 % protein
35 % starch and fibre

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18
Q

Rapeseed food use

A

Margarine, salad dressing, cooking oil mayonnasise, fried snack food

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19
Q

Rapeseed species name

A

Brassica napus

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20
Q

Biosynthesis of storage lipids in plants

A

Import of carbon precursors > fatty acid biosynthesis > Fatty acid modification > Assembly of triacylglycerol > Storage of oil bodies

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21
Q

Erucic acid needs to be accumulated in ________, because ______

A

Rapeseed

because the fatty acid been associated with Cardiac muscle damage. Not good to be in human diet or animal feed

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22
Q

Perimeters of pod development rate

A 
Developmental stages:
0- Flowering
1- Pods green and fully muture
2- Pods 50% yellow
3- Pods 100% yellow
4- Pods brown and dry

Average seed weight

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23
Q

How to understand resource allocation

A

Integrating the traits

Accessing how the seed weight relates to the pod developemnt rate

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24
Q

Wat helps to predict factors of rapeseed seed yield

The prediction?

A

Rapeseed statistical yield model
It predicts 96.5% of variability in seed yield across the trial are above ground biomass (85.2%) and seed oil - protein ratio partitioning (7.1%)

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25
Rapeseed composition
1. Omega 9 oleic fatty acid 2. Omega 9 erucic fatty acid 3. Omega 6 linoleic acid 4. Omega 3 linolenic acid
26
Oilseed meal
The oilseed residue remain after oil that has been extracted from oil seed - Good source of protein, fibre and fat - Balance in all essential amino acids
27
Oilseed meals are used depends upon
glucosinolate content of the meal
28
Oilseed meal are used for
- High protein feed for livestock and aquaculture - Fertiliser - Weed/ pest control - Human consumption ?
29
Cottonseed is cheap to manufacture T/F
T
30
Cottonseed is used for
- Peanut butter - Cereals - Salad dressing - Bread - Biscuits - Margarines
31
Cottonseed delinting
to remove the remaining lint from the cottonseed
32
Cottonseed composition
Cottonseed, lint (8-12%), Hull ( 40-45%)
33
Aims of delinting
- Increasing oil yield | - Obtain oil first, then cut linters
34
Palm oil produced most in _____
Malaysia (50% of world production)
35
Palm oil is the world largest fruit crop T/ F
T
36
How many % of supermarket produce contain palm oil
10%
37
Palm oil fruits
grow in large 10- 15 kg bunchs
38
palm oil fruits yield two different types of oil by
mesocarp - rich in palmitic acid | kernel - rich in lauric oil - 67% kernel oil used in food
39
How much palm oil produced in 2012? | How much imported into UK in 2009/10
5.9 m tonnes | 48100 tonnes
40
Palm oil composition
- veg oil with high saturated oil content ~ 50% - Cholesterol free - Rich source of carotenoids and vit E which confers natural stability against oxidative deterioration
41
palm oil can be used for
Stearin (hard) - shortening, pastry margarines Mid (medium) - margarins Olein (soft) - Liquid cooking oil
42
Problems with oil production
- Deforastation and loss of habitat - Soil erosion - Water pollution from effluent - Carbon emissions- Indonesia (worst in world)
43
Roundtable on sustainable palm oil production establish
in 2004
44
Roundtable on sustainable palm oil production led to
the introduction of certified sustainable palm oil - a plantation has been established on land that has not been deforested and converted to plantation after 2005 - The plantation haas environmental, social and economic standard
45
Roundtable on sustainable palm oil production aim to
- advance the production, procurement, finance and use of sustainable palm oil products - to engage and commit all stakeholders throughout the supply chain, including the governments and consumers
46
members of roundtable on sustainable palm oil production
Cadbury, Tesco, M&S, Heinz, Starbucks, Kellogg, Boots, Body Shop
47
Sunflower seeds composition
contain 30- 50% oil | - 90% unsaturated fatty acid (Linoleic 44-72% /Oleic/ Linolenic)
48
Sunflower seed fatty acid composition depends on
where the flower is grown Cool Climate- more linoleic acid (PUFA) Warm climate- more oleic acid (MUFA)
49
Surflower oil can used for
Salad oil, cooking oil, margarines
50
High oleic acid surflowers developed (? %)- _______ than conventional oils
(80%) | higher stability than
51
Peanuts is
N- fixing legume
52
Shelled peanuts composition
* 40- 48% oil * over 75% unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid & linoleic acid) / low in saturated fatty acid * 25- 30% protein
53
Why eat oilseed
- it the second important source of edible calories - produce variety of products - health benefits
54
health benefits of oilseeds
``` Linoleic acid (omega 6) Linolenic acid (omega 3) ```
55
animals fat is
saturated fat
56
mammals lack the _________ required to synthesis ______________-
desaturaese | polyunsaturated fatty acid
57
Saturated fat can cause which disease
- Stroke - High blood pressure - Diabetes
58
Denmark's fat tax
- Introduced oct 2011 - Tax food containing more than 2.3% Saturated fat - Abolished Nov 2012
59
Dietary lipids provide PUFA which are ________ for very long chain omega 6 & 3 and locally acting as ___________
- precursors | - signalling metabolites e.g. eicosanoids
60
Plants don't have the _________ to convert PUFA into _________
- enzyme | - very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid
61
Nutritionally most important VLCUPFAs
``` Arachidonic acid (6 20:4) [omega 6] ARA Docosahexaenoic acid (3 20:5) [omega 3] EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid ( 3 22:6) [omega 3] DHA ```
62
Break down process of VLCUPFAs
Linoleic LA> y - linoleic GLA > DGLA > Arachidonic acid (ARA)
63
Health benefits of Linoleic acids (omega 6)
- Precursor of ARA - Repair and growth of skeletal muscle - Preserve hippocampel cell membrance fluidity - maintain hormonal balance - component of membrane phospholipid - decrease cholestrol - reduce chance of cardiovascular disease - carrier of fat soluble vitamin (A,D,E)
64
Health disaster of high linoleic diet
- can counteract with the health benefit of omega 3 - Contribute to allergic response - cause pro- thrombotic and pro- aggregatory response - increase tumour proliferation - cause pro-inflammatory response that can lead to rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis of the skin
65
omega 3 intake as % energy intake (mg/day)
minimum 0.2-0.3% optimum 1-2 % minimum 400-600 optimum 2400- 4800
66
omega 6 intake as % energy intake (mg/day)
minimum 1-3 % optimum 3-5 % minimum 2400-7200 optimum 7200- 12000
67
omega-6/omega-3 ratio suggestion
2:1 - 6:1
68
Western diet has the omega-6/omega-3 ratio
10:1 or more
69
which food products have very high ratio of ω6/ω3
processed food with extended shelf life
70
Problem of omega 3/6 diet
- omega 3 is an essential fatty acid - Dietary shift toward omega 6 - Fish stocks are severly depleted - High cost of processing fish oil
71
Science solution of omega 3 production in oilseeds
- engineer omega 3 into plants - several transgenic rapeseed and soya bean varieties, with modified seed oils, now available for commercial cultivation - aim to make 10% of seed oil omega 3
72
Sustainability
development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
73
three pillars of sustainability
- Social - meets social needs for nutritious food - Economics - is economically viable and provides affordable food - Environmental- conserve natural resources and the quality of environment
74
omega 3 & 6 pathway
< 1% conversion of 18:2 to ARA | ~ 5-10% conversion of 18:3 to EPA
75
Difficulties increasing VLCPUFA in transgenic plants
- fatty acid composition and concentration are not equivalent to fish oil - metabolic bottlenecks - due to substrate dichotomy between the desaturase and the elongase - limited knowledge about the regulation of pathways involved in fatty acid synethesis in high plants - Expression of transgenes in seed normally linked to seed storage proteins and not genes involved in oil biosynthesis

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