Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Farm to Fork > Oilseed > Flashcards

Oilseed Flashcards

1
Q

Oilseed

A

Any seed from cultivated crops yielding oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Top seven oilseed production

A
  1. Soybean
  2. Rapeseed
  3. Cottonseed
  4. Peanuts
  5. Sunflower
  6. Palm kennel
  7. Copra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plant store oil/ fat in

A

Seed
Cotyledons/ Endosperm
~ 75% of seed weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oil store in plant as

A

triacylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Global veg oil production keep increasing. how much % is for ediable purpose

A

~ 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many known plant species are grown in organised agriculture

A

< 0.1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fatty acid biosynthesis is a ________ metabolic pathway for

A

primary

Cell division, growth and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many known plant species have been surveyed for their oil content

A

> 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who is screening indigenous species for oil content to __________________

A

Kew Gardens is screening

to identify alternative crops for sustainable agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

screening indigenous species for oil content, because

A
  • Indigenous species often grow on small scale in a sustainable way
  • Wild oilseed species- high genetic diversity good for breeding progrems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do plants store lipids in seeds?

A

To provide energy for germination

  • efficient forms of energy store
  • 1 g of oil can convert to 2.7g carbohydrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How lipid converted into sugar and energy

A

(TAG) > [Lipolysis] > Fatty acid
Fatty acid > [Beta- oxidation] > Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA > [ Citric acid cycle] > ATP or
Acetyl CoA > [Glyoxylate cycle] > Succinate (Sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In US, soybean accounts for ? % of ediable oil/ fat

A

~80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Soybean seed composed of ?% of oil

A

17%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spreads made from veg oil contains ______ that helps ___________

A

Sterols, helps block cholesterol absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rapeseed originally rich in ___________

In 1960’s, a new canola rapeseed variety was breed that accumulated ___________ in seed

A
  • erucic acid
  • less than 2% of erucic acid
  • now have more oleic acid
  • By 5 new breed or GM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rapeseed contain

A

~ 35-45% oil
25 % protein
35 % starch and fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rapeseed food use

A

Margarine, salad dressing, cooking oil mayonnasise, fried snack food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rapeseed species name

A

Brassica napus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Biosynthesis of storage lipids in plants

A

Import of carbon precursors > fatty acid biosynthesis > Fatty acid modification > Assembly of triacylglycerol > Storage of oil bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Erucic acid needs to be accumulated in ________, because ______

A

Rapeseed

because the fatty acid been associated with Cardiac muscle damage. Not good to be in human diet or animal feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Perimeters of pod development rate

A 
Developmental stages:
0- Flowering
1- Pods green and fully muture
2- Pods 50% yellow
3- Pods 100% yellow
4- Pods brown and dry

Average seed weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How to understand resource allocation

A

Integrating the traits

Accessing how the seed weight relates to the pod developemnt rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Wat helps to predict factors of rapeseed seed yield

The prediction?

A

Rapeseed statistical yield model
It predicts 96.5% of variability in seed yield across the trial are above ground biomass (85.2%) and seed oil - protein ratio partitioning (7.1%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Rapeseed composition

A
  1. Omega 9 oleic fatty acid
  2. Omega 9 erucic fatty acid
  3. Omega 6 linoleic acid
  4. Omega 3 linolenic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Oilseed meal

A

The oilseed residue remain after oil that has been extracted from oil seed

  • Good source of protein, fibre and fat
  • Balance in all essential amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Oilseed meals are used depends upon

A

glucosinolate content of the meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Oilseed meal are used for

A
  • High protein feed for livestock and aquaculture
  • Fertiliser
  • Weed/ pest control
  • Human consumption ?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cottonseed is cheap to manufacture T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cottonseed is used for

A
  • Peanut butter
  • Cereals
  • Salad dressing
  • Bread
  • Biscuits
  • Margarines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cottonseed delinting

A

to remove the remaining lint from the cottonseed

32
Q

Cottonseed composition

A

Cottonseed, lint (8-12%), Hull ( 40-45%)

33
Q

Aims of delinting

A
  • Increasing oil yield

- Obtain oil first, then cut linters

34
Q

Palm oil produced most in _____

A

Malaysia (50% of world production)

35
Q

Palm oil is the world largest fruit crop T/ F

A

T

36
Q

How many % of supermarket produce contain palm oil

A

10%

37
Q

Palm oil fruits

A

grow in large 10- 15 kg bunchs

38
Q

palm oil fruits yield two different types of oil by

A

mesocarp - rich in palmitic acid

kernel - rich in lauric oil - 67% kernel oil used in food

39
Q

How much palm oil produced in 2012?

How much imported into UK in 2009/10

A

5.9 m tonnes

48100 tonnes

40
Q

Palm oil composition

A
  • veg oil with high saturated oil content ~ 50%
  • Cholesterol free
  • Rich source of carotenoids and vit E which confers natural stability against oxidative deterioration
41
Q

palm oil can be used for

A

Stearin (hard) - shortening, pastry margarines
Mid (medium) - margarins
Olein (soft) - Liquid cooking oil

42
Q

Problems with oil production

A
  • Deforastation and loss of habitat
  • Soil erosion
  • Water pollution from effluent
  • Carbon emissions- Indonesia (worst in world)
43
Q

Roundtable on sustainable palm oil production establish

A

in 2004

44
Q

Roundtable on sustainable palm oil production led to

A

the introduction of certified sustainable palm oil

  • a plantation has been established on land that has not been deforested and converted to plantation after 2005
  • The plantation haas environmental, social and economic standard
45
Q

Roundtable on sustainable palm oil production aim to

A
  • advance the production, procurement, finance and use of sustainable palm oil products
  • to engage and commit all stakeholders throughout the supply chain, including the governments and consumers
46
Q

members of roundtable on sustainable palm oil production

A

Cadbury, Tesco, M&S, Heinz, Starbucks, Kellogg, Boots, Body Shop

47
Q

Sunflower seeds composition

A

contain 30- 50% oil

- 90% unsaturated fatty acid (Linoleic 44-72% /Oleic/ Linolenic)

48
Q

Sunflower seed fatty acid composition depends on

A

where the flower is grown
Cool Climate- more linoleic acid (PUFA)
Warm climate- more oleic acid (MUFA)

49
Q

Surflower oil can used for

A

Salad oil, cooking oil, margarines

50
Q

High oleic acid surflowers developed (? %)- _______ than conventional oils

A

(80%)

higher stability than

51
Q

Peanuts is

A

N- fixing legume

52
Q

Shelled peanuts composition

A
  • 40- 48% oil
  • over 75% unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid & linoleic acid) / low in saturated fatty acid
  • 25- 30% protein
53
Q

Why eat oilseed

A
  • it the second important source of edible calories
  • produce variety of products
  • health benefits
54
Q

health benefits of oilseeds

A 
Linoleic acid (omega 6)
Linolenic acid (omega 3)
55
Q

animals fat is

A

saturated fat

56
Q

mammals lack the _________ required to synthesis ______________-

A

desaturaese

polyunsaturated fatty acid

57
Q

Saturated fat can cause which disease

A
  • Stroke
  • High blood pressure
  • Diabetes
58
Q

Denmark’s fat tax

A
  • Introduced oct 2011
  • Tax food containing more than 2.3% Saturated fat
  • Abolished Nov 2012
59
Q

Dietary lipids provide PUFA which are ________ for very long chain omega 6 & 3 and locally acting as ___________

A
  • precursors

- signalling metabolites e.g. eicosanoids

60
Q

Plants don’t have the _________ to convert PUFA into _________

A
  • enzyme

- very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid

61
Q

Nutritionally most important VLCUPFAs

A 
Arachidonic acid  (6 20:4) [omega 6] ARA
Docosahexaenoic acid (3 20:5) [omega 3] EPA
Eicosapentaenoic acid ( 3 22:6) [omega 3] DHA
62
Q

Break down process of VLCUPFAs

A

Linoleic LA> y - linoleic GLA > DGLA > Arachidonic acid (ARA)

63
Q

Health benefits of Linoleic acids (omega 6)

A
  • Precursor of ARA
  • Repair and growth of skeletal muscle
  • Preserve hippocampel cell membrance fluidity
  • maintain hormonal balance
  • component of membrane phospholipid
  • decrease cholestrol
  • reduce chance of cardiovascular disease
  • carrier of fat soluble vitamin (A,D,E)
64
Q

Health disaster of high linoleic diet

A
  • can counteract with the health benefit of omega 3
  • Contribute to allergic response
  • cause pro- thrombotic and pro- aggregatory response
  • increase tumour proliferation
  • cause pro-inflammatory response that can lead to rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis of the skin
65
Q

omega 3 intake as % energy

intake (mg/day)

A

minimum 0.2-0.3%
optimum 1-2 %

minimum 400-600
optimum 2400- 4800

66
Q

omega 6 intake as % energy

intake (mg/day)

A

minimum 1-3 %
optimum 3-5 %

minimum 2400-7200
optimum 7200- 12000

67
Q

omega-6/omega-3 ratio suggestion

A

2:1 - 6:1

68
Q

Western diet has the omega-6/omega-3 ratio

A

10:1 or more

69
Q

which food products have very high ratio of ω6/ω3

A

processed food with extended shelf life

70
Q

Problem of omega 3/6 diet

A
  • omega 3 is an essential fatty acid
  • Dietary shift toward omega 6
  • Fish stocks are severly depleted
  • High cost of processing fish oil
71
Q

Science solution of omega 3 production in oilseeds

A
  • engineer omega 3 into plants
  • several transgenic rapeseed and soya bean varieties, with modified seed oils, now available for commercial cultivation
  • aim to make 10% of seed oil omega 3
72
Q

Sustainability

A

development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

73
Q

three pillars of sustainability

A
  • Social - meets social needs for nutritious food
  • Economics - is economically viable and provides affordable food
  • Environmental- conserve natural resources and the quality of environment
74
Q

omega 3 & 6 pathway

A

< 1% conversion of 18:2 to ARA

~ 5-10% conversion of 18:3 to EPA

75
Q

Difficulties increasing VLCPUFA in transgenic plants

A
  • fatty acid composition and concentration are not equivalent to fish oil
  • metabolic bottlenecks - due to substrate dichotomy between the desaturase and the elongase
  • limited knowledge about the regulation of pathways involved in fatty acid synethesis in high plants
  • Expression of transgenes in seed normally linked to seed storage proteins and not genes involved in oil biosynthesis

Farm to Fork (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions