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Farm to Fork > Beef & Lamb > Flashcards

Beef & Lamb Flashcards

1
Q

Factors affecting the efficiency of production

A
  • Maternal nutrition
  • Genotype
  • Sex
  • Environment
  • Nutrition
  • Age
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2
Q

European carcass classification scheme

A

(Kempster, 1982)
Fatness Q > $ 1/ 2/ 3/ 4L /4H/ 5L/ 5H
Confirmation Q > $ P/ O-/ O+/ R/ U-/ U+/ E

Lamb ( U-/ U+/ E/ 2/ 3)
Beef (R/ U-/ U+/ 3/ 4L )

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3
Q

Under maternal nutrition

A
  • Affects animal capacity of muscle development
    [- Abundance of satellite cells at birth influence post natal muscle development
  • influenced by pre- natal maternal nutrition ]
  • Affect post natal survival
    { Brown adipose tissue- essential energy store for non- shivering thermogenesis
    White adipose tissue - colour attributable to high level of vascularisation and presence of mitochondria protein]
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4
Q

hypothermia

A

largest contributing factor to lamb post-natal mortality

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5
Q

How cold lead to acute lethal hypothermia

A

Cold > hypothermia (sub lethal) > Immobility, decrease sucking drive > Failure to replace energy stores > Starvation > Reduce metabolic rate > Acute hypothermia

Cold > Increased heat loss > Acute hypothermia

Cold > Increased metabolic rate > Increase energy demand > Depletion of energy stores > Starvation > Reduce metabolic rate > Acute hypothermia

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6
Q

Factors contribute to under nutrition

A
  • Season & system
  • Feed management
  • Pregnancy toxaemia > lead to blindness/ death / abortion
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7
Q

Pregnancy toxemia commonly occurs

A

during late gestation

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8
Q

Pregnancy toxemia caused by

A

caused by an inadequate energy intake, as fetuses make 70 % of their growth.

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9
Q

Pregnancy toxemia treatment

A

to increase the blood glucose level.

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10
Q

The nutrients that are important during late gestation

A

energy, protein, calcium, selenium, and vitamin E.

The amount of energy required depends upon the number of fetuses and cold stress.

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11
Q

Over maternal nutrition can cause

A
  • large lambs/ calves resulting in dystocia

- Vaginal prolapse

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12
Q

Gestational period of a ewe

A

147 days or 5 months

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13
Q

Maintenance of ewe

A

Month 1 : 1x maintenance [reduce embryo mortality]

Month 2: > 1x maintenance [ encourage placental growth]

Month 3: < 1x maintenance [ especially if ewe are in Body Condition Scoring > 2.5]

Month 4- 5: single - 2 x maintenance
Twins - 2- 3 x maintenance

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14
Q

Maintenance

A

for ewe to maintain her body weight or have slow growth to recover the weight (condition) she lost during lactation.

A wide variety of low-cost feedstuffs can be used. Pasture or grass hay is all most sheep need to maintain themselves.

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15
Q

Factors of the cause of vaginal prolapse

A
  • excessive body condition (body condition score >4 )
  • multigravid uterus (triplets more than twins)
  • high fibre diets particularly those containing root crops,
  • limited exercise in housed ewes,
  • lameness leading to prolonged periods in sternal recumbency
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16
Q

Treatment of vaginal prolapse

A
  • transport sheep to the veterinary surgery.
  • The prolapse should be covered with a towel soaked in warm water to prevent further damage. (contamination with faeces, bedding material and soil/ the friability of the vaginal mucosa.)
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17
Q

Effects of vaginal prolapse

A
  • Animal is unable to urinate
  • Prone to vaginal/uterine infection
  • Following initial prolapse problem is recurrent
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18
Q

Plastic retention devices

A

Shaped with the central loop to place within the vagina which is then held within the pelvic canal by the two side arms tightly tied to the fleece of the flanks. These devices can work well in mild early cases.

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19
Q

signs of toxemia

A
  • Decreased aggressiveness at feeding
  • listlessness
  • aimless walking
  • muscle twitching or fine muscle tremors
  • opisthotonos
  • grinding of the teeth

as the disease progresses ( over 2–4 days),
blindness/ ataxia/ sternal recumbency/ coma/ death

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20
Q

treatment for vaginal prolapse

A

increase concentration in feed and reduce the forage and fodder

21
Q

Genotype

A

Early (3yrs) - Aberdeen Angus/ North Devon

Medium (7yrs) - Hereford/ Sussex/ Lincoln Red

Late (10yrs) - Charolais/ Limousin/ Simmental/ South Devon

22
Q

Gender

A
  • Male/Intact
  • Castrate
  • Female
23
Q

Factors affecting the efficiency of production

A

Gender

For Castration:

  • Meat taint
  • Temperament
  • Post-mortem meat quality
24
Q

Gender Intake characteristics

A
  • Absolute intakes; Greatest in bulls, similar between heifers and steers
  • Relative intakes (g/kg M0.75) are similar between all genders
25
Q

Gender growth characteristics

A
  • Growth rates greatest in bulls, lower in steers, lowest in heifers.
  • Effects are related to the presence or absence of male/female hormones
26
Q

Gender carcass characteristics

A
  • Slaughter weights: Bulls > steers > heifers (625, 580, 520, respectively)
  • Changes in efficiency linked to deposition of adipose tissue
27
Q

Gender Carcass composition

different parts

A
  • Bulls leaner than steers. Heifers and steers have similarities in fat deposition
  • Effects are related to the presence or absence of male/female hormones
  • Channel fat; similar between all genders
  • Cod or udder fat: greatest in heifers and steers
  • Kidney knob: greatest in heifers and steers
  • Thoracic fat; Similar between all genders
28
Q

Condition score

A

1 unit reduction in condition score releases 3200 MJ
Equates to a weight loss of 60+ kg live weight*
1 unit increase in condition score requires 6200 MJ

weight loss is easier than weight gain

29
Q

Nutrition - relationship between energy intake and rate of gain

A

slide 40

more energy intake, higher rate of gain

30
Q

Nutrition:Energy flow chart

A

slide 41

31
Q

Nutrition: Energy Requirements

A
  • Utilisation of dietary energy is not 100% efficient
  • Depends on metabolisability (qm) of feed
    qm = GE/ME*

Higher metabolisability, lower energy per day for maintenance

32
Q

Factors affecting energy requirements

A
  • Gender
  • Genotype (maturity type)
  • Metabolisability (qm) of the diet

{bull require 15% more energy]
[larger muscle mass, higher metabolisability]

33
Q

Nutrition- first limiting/ second limiting

A
  • Energy availability is first limiting
    = Deficit results in catabolism of body tissues
  • Protein/Nitrogen availability is second limiting
    = Deficit results in reduced growth rates with commensurate increases in fat deposition

[Unlike simple stomach animals ruminants are not as sensitive to dietary AA deficiencies; they digest microbial protein]

34
Q

Ruminant diets are calculated using

A 
Metabolizable protein (MP) system ?
Ruminant Protein System
35
Q

Ruminant Protein System

A

CRUDE PROTEIN (CP) intake:

  • Quickly Degradable Protein (QDP)^
  • Slowly Degradable Protein (SDP)^
  • Undegraded feed protein (UDP)
  • FERMENTABLE METABOLISABLE ENERGY(FME)
  • EFFECTIVE RUMEN DEGRADABLE PROTEIN(ERDP) > MICROBIAL CRUDE PROTEIN(MCP)(75%) ^
  • Faeces NAcid DetergentIndigestible Protein(ADIP) (Loss)> DIGESTIBLE UNDEGRADABLE PROTEIN(DUP)*
  • Microbial True Protein (MTP)(85%) ^ > Digestible Microbial True Protein (DMTP)*
  • Metabolizable protein (MP)*
36
Q

Nutrition: MP Requirements

A

Slide 48

The esponses of finishing cattle to dietary CP content:

37
Q

Factors affecting diet composition and nutrient utilisation

A
  • Intake (DMI)
  • Nutrient composition of ingredients
  • Diet type (TMR, top dressed, High conc).
  • Dictated by finishing system
38
Q

Effects of diet type on DMI

A

(AFRC,1995)
Forage based diet grows slight faster than concentrate based diet

[Inability to consume adequate ME due to animal physical capacity- doesn’t matter how much energy put in, the won’t grow faster or larger]

39
Q

Beef finishing systems

A
  • Intensive cereal beef (Barley beef)
  • Silage Beef
    • Grass silage
    • Maize silage
  • Winter finishing stores
40
Q

Intensive cereal beef (Barley beef)

A
  • System – dairy beef
  • Origin in 60’s: Abundance of cheap calves and cheap cereals
  • Diet: 85% rolled barley; 15 % protein supplement (350g/kg CP)
  • DLWG 1.5 – 1.8 kg/d FCR 6:1
41
Q

Metabolic and other problems of Intensive cereal beef

A
  • Metabolic problems
    • Acidosis- Low rumen pH (VFA production); damage to ruminal and intestinal wall; low blood pH resulting in dehydration
  • Other problems
  • Liver abscesses
  • Laminitis
  • Blindness (Vit A deficiency)
42
Q

Silage Beef (& winter finishing stores)

A
  • Maize silage vs. grass silage

- Grass silage considered more traditional

43
Q

Advantages of maize over grass silage

A
  • Greater yields t/Ha
  • Higher ME content [Maize 10.8 – 11.3 MJ/kg DM] [Grass 8.8 – 10.6 MJ/kg DM]
  • Higher intakes
  • Improved rates of LW and carcass gain
  • Improved efficiencies of gain
44
Q

Adipose Tissue Deposition

A
  • Primarily the same for all animal species
  • Internal, Subcutaneous, Intermuscular, Intramuscular
    [different fatty acid composition because of location; for different rigidity & melting points]
45
Q

Energy input overflow chat

A

> Maintenance
Lean tissue deposition
Fat depots
Internal > Subcutaneous > Intermuscular > Intramuscular

46
Q

Disadvantages of maize silage

A
  • Geographical location: Production not suited to northern UK
  • CP low requires supplementation: Level and type depends on gender and genotype
47
Q

Dietary synchronisation

A

Slide 72

48
Q

Environmental factors affecting production

A
  • Temperature
  • Gender and stocking rates
  • Feeding system
  • Bedding system - Removal of bedding substrate improves DLWG

Farm to Fork (12 decks)

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