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Farm to Fork > Fish 1 > Flashcards

Fish 1 Flashcards

1
Q

global consumption per person

A

~ 20 kg and rising, so is the population

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2
Q 
World capture fisheries yield how much
Fish farming (aquaculture) produces how much
A

~ 90 million tonnes

over 60mt per yr

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3
Q

Aquaculture has grown

A

8.2% per yr

production decrease between 2000-10

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4
Q

Types of fish

A

Fresh water- trout, freshwater eel, carp and tilapia

Seawater, pelagic (swim near surface, oily fish, fat store in muscle) - herring, mackerel, sprat & sardine

Seawater, demersal (swim close to sed bad, lean fish, fat store in liver) - cod, haddock, halibut, plaice

Shell fish & molluscs- squid, octopus, mussels
Crustacea - prawn, crab, lobster, scampi
[store little oil]

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5
Q

Fish muscle is made up of

A

short segments of fibres

muscle does not need to be tenderised, because of its structure

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6
Q

World fishery production

A
  • food fish supply per person
  • aquaculture
  • capture for human consumption
  • non- food use
    (all increased since 1950)
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7
Q

biggest producer of farmed fish and crustacea

A

Asia, especially China

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8
Q

which fish produced in greatest quantity and where

how much

A

Freshwater herbivorous/omnivorous fish (plant eating/ mix eating)
- in Asia: carp and tilapia 25mt/ yr

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9
Q

which fish produced in 2nd greatest quantity

A

Carnivorous fish e.g. salmonids (salmon and trout)

(eat meat) and most expensive

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10
Q

How much marine fish & crustacea production

A

around 5mt/ year

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11
Q

Europe production

A

many species include salmonids, carp, seabass, sea bream, cod, flounder, turbot, halibut

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12
Q

How much shrimp production is in warm waters of Asia and S. America

A

~ 4mt

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13
Q

Fish production forcast by 2016

A

Aquaculture surpasses capture for human consumption

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14
Q

Aquaculture production by region

A
  1. Asia (increasing)
  2. EU (decreasing) & America (remain)
  3. Africa (increasing)
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15
Q

Fishery production per fisher/fish farmer by region in 2010

A
  1. EU (total) (highest for capture)
  2. N. America (highest for aquaculture)
  3. S. America
  4. Africa
  5. Asia

World has more aquaculture than capture)

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16
Q

Salmonid production

A
  1. norway (increasing greatly)
  2. Chile (decreasing)
  3. UK (increasing slightly)
  4. Canada (remain)

World (increasing)

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17
Q

Aquaculture production in EU

A
  1. Salmonid
  2. Carp
  3. Cod, haddock, hake
    4, Catfish
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18
Q

EU consumption perferrence if given chance

A

carnivorous fish species:

  • salmonids
  • sea bass
  • sea bream
  • cod
  • turbot
  • halibut.
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19
Q

Salmon production in UK

A

160k T per yr - in Scotland-mainly, some W. coast and islands

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20
Q

Trout (fresh water) production in UK

A

throughout UK (7k T)

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21
Q

Shellfish production in UK

A

farmed (27k T)
include mussels, oysters, scallops and clams. Production areas include South West and N. Wales coasts and Thames Estuary,W coast Scotland and N Ireland

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22
Q

UK production global ranking

A

20th

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23
Q

Salmon Farming

A
  • Salmon are anadromous
  • spawning, hatching, and first feeding in freshwater, then migrate to sea water

At 1yr become smolts-live in sea water
In wild migrate to sea; return to river spawn
Smolts transferred to sea okay into floating sea cages, usually in spring

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24
Q

Farmed salmon smolts at 1yr weigh

A

20-25g

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25
Q

Carnivorous Fish And Crustacea are cold-blooded

A

poikilothermic

the metabolism increases with water temperature

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26
Q

Carnivorous Fish And Crustacea energy comes

A

primarily from fat (up to 40% in feed) and protein

crustacea which cannot utilise high levels- have 5% to 7% in feed

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27
Q

Carnivorous fish and crustacea have high/ low protein requirement in diet?

A

high protein requirement

~ half of energy intake should be in form of protein, compare to 25% in chicken

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28
Q

Can carnivorous fish and crustacea use up carbohydrate?

A
  • very poorly; can only use starch to any degree

- carnivorous species cannot use structural carbohydrate in general

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29
Q

Feed is reflects on

A
  • composition of fin- body lipid in fish
  • in demersal fish, lipid reflects on liver storage, where retain Omega 3
  • muscles doesn’t reflect
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30
Q

Composition of salmon feed

A

high protein (30% ) and fat (30- 35% ) content

  • Protein from fish meal (15-35%); and vegetable proteins e.g. soybean meal , wheat and maize glutens ( > 50% )
  • Fats from fish oil (15- 35%), some from vegetable oil: rapeseed and soya
  • starch from small amount of cereal
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31
Q

How does fish pellets produced?

A

Extrusion (heat, steam & pressure) to gelatinize starch, to give a porous structure to absorb oil and trap air so the pellet will sink in sea water

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32
Q

Retained (%) Energy and Protein from Feed to Edible Food

A

Salmon Energy % 27 protein% 30
Chicken Energy % 12 protein% 18
Pork Energy % 16 protein% 13

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33
Q

Feeding fin-fish and shrimp

A
  • usually intensive - mainly compounded feed
  • fishmeal and fish oil are main ingredients, but increasingly substituted with vegetable products
  • outside EU, land animal proteins (poultry meal) substitute fish meal; in Aisa, trash fish are used e.g trimmings and undersized fish.
34
Q

Trash fish are being phased out for fish feed because of

A

pollution and disease risk

35
Q

Carnivorous species convert feed is not efficient T/F

A

False

it is very efficient, achieve almost 1:1 feed conversion, compare to chicken 1.8: 1 and pigs 2.5:1

36
Q

Substitution of fish meal

A
  • because marine products are expensive; usng plant products can reduce cost (but not a natural component for feed even in wild)
  • Outside the EU land animal proteins partially replace fishmeal
  • In EU, soya products, wheat/ maize gluten and sunflower/ legume meals are main substitute for fishmeal (~75%, if used in combination)
  • Growth not reduced/ affected but worse feed conversion as the fibre they introduced
37
Q

Substitution Of Fish Oil

A
  • > 75% fish oil can be replaced by rapeseed oil (high omega 3 content); Soya oil (little omega 3, mainly omega 6 - less suitable)
38
Q

Substitution of fish oil best done in

A
  • mid period growth
  • During early development and in finishing stage, fish oil should not be replaced
  • In finishing stage, using fish oil restore the omega 3 content
39
Q

In finishing stage, omega 6 can be “wash out” by high omega 3 feed T/F

A

False

It’s difficult to restore the FA content

40
Q

Reducing dietary fish oil in feed can

A
  • reduce the cost

- improve eco- efficiency (wild fish needed)

41
Q

Farmed vs wild salmon

A
  • 0.05% consumers can tell the difference
  • Farmed salmon has higher fat content (12-16%)
  • lower omega 3 content than wild salmon, but from a meal portion of 140g is ~ same
  • less protein (muscle) than wild salmon (as they have more fat)
42
Q

After slaughter, fish content is

A

protein, fat & minerals, no carbohydrate

43
Q

Issue of fish farming

A
  • Sustainability
  • Eco- efficiency- wild fish needed in feed
  • Pollution
  • Disease
  • Fish escaping
  • Use of GM feed
  • Contaminants
44
Q

Sustainability of feeds

A
  • Amount of wild fish captures for fishmeal and fish oil
  • Feed fish caught mainly small bony oily fish, almost inedible
  • Sustainable amount of caught feed fish
  • Crops grown on land - reclaimed from tropical forests e.g. soya in Brazil
45
Q

Eco- efficiency

A

the amount of wild fish needed to produce unit weight of farmed fish and crustacea

46
Q

Greatest wild fish requirement to produce fish oil

A

every 8% of fish oil in feed, one part of wild fish required

  • 24% fish oil in Salmon feed - 3 part of wild fish for 1 farmed fish
  • Other species, e.g. cod, require 8-10% fish oil
  • Shrimp require 4%; more eco-efficient
  • For global production of farmed fish and crustacea – 60mt production use 17mt wild feed fish; eco-efficiency 1:3.5 wild: farmed fish
47
Q

Salmon eco- efficiency

A
  • Salmon require large amount dietry oil> high lv of fish oil in feed
  • Replacing with veg oil helps reduce dependence on wild fish to ~10 - 15% ( eco efficiency = < 1.5 x wt of salmon produced)
  • most other farmed farm fish require much less (< 1 x wt of marine fish produced)
48
Q

Disease was problem in early days of aquaculture when

A
  • medicated feeds commonly used, now rarely use

- now rely on vaccination

49
Q

Fish escaping can affect ________ because

A
  • wild population – genetic pollution and disease.

- Breed of farmed fish improved; genetics differ from wild fish

50
Q

Where has had serious disease proplem

What was the disease

A

Chile- -production down from ~ 800k t to 200k t. Now recovering-production over 400k t.

Infectious Salmon Anaemia

51
Q

Solution to fish escaping

A

Sea cages now much more robust to prevent fish escaping

52
Q

Pollution caused by

A

feed waste and excreta from fish accumulating under cages

53
Q

How to prevent pollution

A
  • Improve feeding techniques e.g. under water camera to detect uneaten feed and switch off feeders
  • Good water flow where cage sited
  • Leave site fallow for 6 months to get rid of most waste and reduce disease risk
54
Q

Contamination comes from _____ goes to

resutls_______

A
  • comes from industry
  • enter atmosphere, wash onto fields, enter rivers or seas
  • concentrate up the food chain whith highest lv deposited in the largest/ oldest species
  • persistent organic pollutants- fat soluble dioxins, polychorinated biphenyl (PCBs); although banned, still persist in environment
  • Concentrate in the body fat
  • Eu has set limit on residues in fish feed of dioxins, PCBs and pesticides
55
Q

Exposure pathways of dioxins

A

unwanted by- products emitted from incineration industry/ chlorine industry/ thermal metal process/ car exhaust
> Into environment: rain/ dump site/ plants/ aoil & water
> Into all food
> Into human

56
Q

Exposure pathway of polychorinated biphenyl

A

Man made emitted from transformator oil/ flame retardants/ cable/ capacitor oil
> into environment
> into food
> into human

57
Q

Level of contaminant in the environment is rising T/F

A

False

it’s falling

58
Q

High level of contaminants found in

A

sea areas near river mouth draining industrial area e.g Baltic

59
Q

Which animals carry high level of contaminants ?

In where?

A

fat/ oil in bigger/older fish/ animals

e.g. liver oil in cod / eels; milks from cows/ human

60
Q

How to remove contaminants from fish oil and lipids extracted from fish meal ?

A

Molecular distillation

ensure contaminant lv fall within EU safe limit

61
Q

EU limit for dioxin or dioxin like PCBs in feed ?

for non- dioxin like feed?

A

Dioxins= 3.0 - 3.5 pg/g

Non- dioxin = 75ng

62
Q

Fish is a controversial dietry protein source, because

A

of its sustainability

  • some claimed stocks will collapse by 2048
  • claim 3/4 of fisheries are over fished
  • some promote stopping fishing
63
Q

Fish protein provides ? % of all animal protein

A

25%

64
Q

how many people get protein from fish

A

now 1 billion

65
Q

To replace fish with other animal protein would involve

A

cutting down 5 x the area of all tropical rain forests to crop for animal feed

66
Q

Remained rainforest

A

6.2 million km^2 (rainforest, mongabay.com)

67
Q

how many livestock production from grazing

A

20.3 million ton

68
Q

how much land use for grazing

A

34 million km ^2

69
Q

Fisheries sustainability based on

A

FAO publication ‘ Code of Responsible fishing’

so fisheries can be made sustainable by taking action as outlined

70
Q

Status of major industrial fisheries where assessments are avaiable

A
  • stable
  • mostly rebuilding because of reduced fishing pressure
    (in some countries, remain many stock with excess fishing pressure)
71
Q

Status of fisheries in Aisa

A

little evidence to show effective fisheries management

72
Q

measure to achieve fisheries sustainability

A
  • Management control
  • Independent scientific assessment and monitoring
  • Annual catch lmits
  • By- catch limits
  • mimimum mesh size
73
Q

Any fisheries control systems should be

A
  • independent assessed and bassed on FAO “ Code of responsible fishing”
  • control net mesh size, fishing pressure: no. of ships, no. of catching days capacity
74
Q

stock assessment organisation (Govenmential)

A
  • UN Food & agriculture organisation
  • The international council for the exploration of the seas (ICES)
  • IMARPE in Peru
  • IFOP in Chile
  • Marine Research Institute (MRI) in Icelandic waters
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in west Alantic
75
Q

Independent stock assessment

A
  • Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)
  • Friend of the Sea
  • Global Alliance
76
Q

Marine Stewardship Council

A
  • Globalisation organisation set up by Unilever/ WWF
  • Reliable assessor, widely accepted by supermarkets
  • is comprehensive - includes effects on biodiversity
  • Expensive
  • prescriptive offering little flexibility
  • Has not generally dealt with feed grade fisheries
77
Q

Would the 17* million tonnes of whole fish used globally for producing fishmeal and fish oil be better used for direct human consumption?

A
  • Only 10% of feed fish has a market for human consumption.
  • The higher price of fish for direct human consumption rather than for feed purposes, ensures that wherever possible fish go for that purpose.
  • The tonnage of whole fish used in fishmeal production is reducing.
  • A quarter of raw material for fishmeal production is recycled fish trimmings; this is rising.
  • Globally, fed aquaculture is producing more than three times as much fish and other seafood fish as is used (wild fish).
  • Feeding fishmeal and fish oil to farmed fish and crustaceans (primarily shrimps) increases the effective global supply of fish for human consumption
  • Production of fishmeal does not usually divert fish from human consumption – it is an efficient method to transform unwanted fish into fish or shrimp acceptable
    as human food.
  • Furthermore, it increases the supply of more sought-after high value fish such as salmon and white fish.
78
Q

Friend of the Sea

A
  • Cheaper system
  • Employs independent assessment of stocks,net mesh size etc
  • some flexibility- i.e if stock is recovering well will accept limited fishing,.
  • An Italian scheme used mainly there and Mediterranean areas
  • Not all supermarkets accept this scheme [although Walmart is now saying they accept MSC or equivalent scheme]
79
Q

Global Trust

A
  • less expensive than MSC
  • has some flexibility
  • may not consider biodiversity
  • An Irish scheme, used there, Iceland & Alaska
  • Not widely accepted in supermarket
80
Q

The International Fishmeal & Fish oil Organisation (IFFO)

A
  • has a Responsible Supply standard for factories producing marine ingredients
  • developed by an independent board including a range of stakeholders including retailers (Tesco & Sainburys) and eNGOs
  • It is ISO 65 accredited with 3rd part Certification body
  • To meet the standard a factory must demonstrate responsible sourcing of raw material and safe manufacturing paractice
  • To demonstrate responsible sourcing any whole fish must come from fisheries managed according to the FAO Code
  • Any fisheries by-products used must also not come from Illegal, Unregulated or Unreported fishing
  • Currently around one third of the world’s production of marine ingredients is certified to IFFO RS
  • Almost all the fishmeal and fish oil used in the UK aquaculture industry is IFFO RS certified
81
Q

eco-efficiency

A

Management philosophy that aims at minimizing ecological damage while maximizing efficiency of the firm’s production processes, such as through the lesser use of energy, material, and water, more recycling, and elimination of hazardous emissions or by-products

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