Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Farm to Fork > Cereal > Flashcards

Cereal Flashcards

1
Q

Cereal

A

Flowering plants of the grass family cultivated for the food value of their grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Legume

A

A family of plants, including many valuable food, forage and cover species, such as peas, beans and soybeans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The green revolution: 1960-c.1990

A

Used classical plant breeding methods to dramatically increase yields of wheat and rice.

Characteristics of green revolution rice and wheat:

  • Semi-dwarf
  • Responsive to N fertiliser
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

To increase yield more and more fertiliser is applied

A
  • Global wheat production risen over 2.5x since 1960
  • Fertiliser use risen 4.3x since 1960
  • Agricultural subsidies increased fertiliser use.

[Phillips & Norton, 2012]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why select for reduced stem length?

A

If elongation of the stem is excessive plant may fall over = lodging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How to reduce stem length?

A

Treatments that reduce Gibberellin production produce ‘dwarf’ plants in some species whilst increased ethylene production may also reduce elongation

There is an interaction - shorter strawed varieties will not lodge when extra fertiliser added and so the increased yield can be harvested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Impact of breeding and agronomy on yield

A

Almost a global increase in grain output

Africa has not seen the same increase because of:

  • Less investment in seeds that fit the climatic conditions.
  • A lack of research into orphan crops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Factors contributing to the yield plateau- Yields are up, but growth is slowing

A
  • Most direct ways of increasing yields have already been exploited.
  • Recent agricultural research not focused on increased yields.
  • Decline in cereal prices.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

genetics selection

A

Selection of a new variety depends on the availability of genetic variation.

But (in conventional plant breeding) selection is based upon what you see (or measure) i.e. the phenotype.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phenotype

A

genotype + environmental effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Heritability

A

genetic variation/phenotypic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

plant characteristics determined by

A

a single gene with two alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Wheat types

A 
Common wheat or Bread wheat  
Durum 
Einkorn 
Emmer 
Spelt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Common wheat or Bread wheat

A

(T. aestivum) The most widely cultivated in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Durum

A

(T. durum) Pasta wheat . The second most widely cultivated wheat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Einkorn

A

(T. monococcum) Animal feed. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Emmer

A

(T. dicoccon) Cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spelt

A

(T. spelta) Cultivated in limited quantities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How wild wheat breed modern bread wheat

A

Einkorn x wild wheat = emmer (selections to form Durum) x wild wheat = modern bread wheat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which wheat are of minor economic importance

A

Einkorn, emmer and spelt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

5% of the wheat crop is

A

durum wheat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

95% of the wheat crop is

A

common wheat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Wheat provides % of calories consumed

A

~20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spring‘ wheat

A
  • Grows quickly
  • Sown in the spring and is induced to flower by increasing day length
  • Mature grains can be harvested within 20-25 weeks
  • Allows more than 1 crop cycle per year
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

‘Winter’ wheat

A
  • Sown in the autumn
  • Grows slowly through the winter
  • Induced to flower by a period of cold
  • Takes advantage of a longer leafy stage to build up reserves
26
Q

Celiac disease

A

An autoimmune response to the to protein fraction (gliadin) in wheat gluten

Damages intestinal mucosa and prevents subsequent malabsorption

27
Q

Nutritional composition of wheat

A

Cereal crops are deficient in the essential amino acid lysine

The principal parts of wheat flour are the protein gluten and starch.

28
Q

Nutritional composition of spring wheat vs winter wheat

A

Spring has more protein, fat, iron ; less carbohydrate and same fibre

29
Q

Gluten, a protein found in wheat (and other Triticeae), cannot be tolerated by people with

A

celiac disease (an autoimmune disorder in ~1% of Indo-European populations).

30
Q

Rice

A

Rice Grain > Brown unpolished rice > Polished rice

31
Q

Polished rice

A

Removed protein and vitamins

Nearly pure starch grain

32
Q

Rice Nutritive value per 100 g:

A

Protein 8.6g, Fat 1.1g, CHO 77.4g, Minerals 0.93g, Fibre 1.4g ; Energy 357KCal

33
Q

how many people depend on rice as a staple food

90% of rice is eaten in_______

A

~ 3.5 billion

Asia

34
Q

Polishing rice in Indonesia led to_______ as a result of _________

A

beriberi disease

prolonged thiamine (B vitamin) deficiency.

35
Q

Dry beriberi

A

nervous system damage.

36
Q

Wet beriberi

A

damage to the cardiovascular system.

37
Q

Golden Rice

A

Insertion of bacterial gene into rice genome to activate dormant carotenoid biosynthesis pathway = biofortified rice to improve a micronutrient (Vitamin A) deficiency

38
Q

Where rice is the staple diet , what is the problem ?

and can cause?

A

Vitamin A deficiency

causes blindness

39
Q

Increase_________ = yellow/orange colour and presence of vitamin A even in milled rice

A

beta-carotene (provitamin A)

40
Q

Scuba Rice

A
  • Flash flooding during monsoon season – completely submerged rice
  • Complete submergence of rice - inhibits aerobic respiration, restricts gas exchange, causes chlorophyll senescence.
  • Submergence-tolerant (sub1) rice can withstand submergence for up to 2 weeks.

[Ismali et al., 2013. Field Crops Research]

41
Q

Legume family

A

(Fabaceae or alternatively Leguminosae). Legume is synonymous with pod, the fruit; the seeds are inside the pod or legume

42
Q

Importance of legumes

A

Nitrogen fixers

Major plant sources of protein and oil

43
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Symbiotic association of bacterial Rhizobium species that inhabit nodules on roots.

Bacteria convert N2 from the air into ammonia for their use and supply the plant with amino acids.

The plant supplies carbohydrate to bacteria for energy and synthesis of cellular material.

Strains of Rhizobium are sold to enhance agricultural productivity

44
Q

Peanut

A

Arachis hypogea

  • Rich in oil and protein
  • After fertilization, the flower stalk dips and grows into the ground, where the pod matures.
45
Q

Peanut uses

A
  • Half of U.S. crop for peanut butter; rest for snack food, candy, peanut oil.
  • Oilcake remaining after pressing oil is rich in protein and used for animal feed.
46
Q

Beans

A
  • Rich in protein and some carbohydrates

- Intestinal gas, caused by bacterial breakdown of indigestible complex carbohydrates in the colon

47
Q

indigestible complex carbohydrates of beans can be improved by

A
  • long cooking time
  • treatment of cooked beans with enzymes
  • plant breeding to eliminate complex carbohydrates
48
Q

Favism Symptoms

A

Hemolytic anemia after eating fava beans or being exposed to the pollen of the fava plant

49
Q

The ________ principle in fava beans is most likely ___________

A

active hemolytic

DOPA- quinone

50
Q

Favism affects

A

people with a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD).

51
Q

G6PD is involved in

A

the antioxidant defence of red blood cells and protects them from a build up of reactive oxygen species

52
Q

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is a _____disorder

A

Hereditary disorder: An X-linked genetic trait.

53
Q

Legume nutrition

A

Beans supply protein, complex carbohydrate, fibre and essential vitamins and minerals to the diet, yet are low in fat and sodium and contain no cholesterol.

54
Q

The nutrient composition of beans makes them suited to meet two major dietary recommendations for good health:

A
  • increased intake of starches and complex carbohydrates

- decreased consumption of fat.

55
Q

Legume starch is _____ digested than starch from ___&____ and produces less ________ in __________ & ____upon ingestion.

A

more slowly
cereals and tubers
abrupt changes
plasma glucose and insulin

56
Q

Starchy legumes are also valuable sources of dietary fibre as well as ________&____

A

thiamine and riboflavin

57
Q

Legume protein

A

Contains 20–30% protein which is generally limiting in sulphur –containing amino acids methionine and cysteine.

58
Q

The nutritional quality of legume protein is limited by

A

the presence of both heat labile and heat stable antinutrients as well as an inherent resistance to digestion of the major globulins.

59
Q

Biological value of legume protein limited to % of ? due to amino acid composition .

A

55-75% of animal protein

60
Q

Ways to increase sulphur containing amino acids

A
  • Insert and replace amino acid residues at appropiate sites in a storage protein
  • Increase endogenous levels of methionine rich protein
  • Introduce heterologous genes for methionine rich protein
  • Manipulate key genes in the biosynthetic pathway

Farm to Fork (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions