oftlmología

Question 1

elevated intrcranial pressure

Answer 1

papilledema, bilateral 6 palsies, Parinaud sx, headache, vomiting,

Question 2

malignant hypertension

Answer 2

optic disc swelling consisten with papilledema, copper wiring of arterioles, arteriovenous crossing cchanges, branch vessel occlussions, hard and soft exudates

Question 3

carotid dissection

Answer 3

acute Horner sx, pain radiating to neck, jaw or ear,

Question 4

pituitary apoplexy

Answer 4

hemianopic visual field defects, relative afferent pupillary defect, rectricted ocular motility, trigeminal nerve involvement, optic atrophy in advanced stages of visual loss

Question 5

aneurysms

Answer 5

acute oculomotor paralysis with pupillary involvement, abrupt headache, nuchal rigidity, loss of conciousness

Question 6

Wernickes encephalopathy

Answer 6

nystagmus, oculomotor deficits, impaired conciusness, other cranial nerve deficits, alcoholic malnutrition

Question 7

giant cell arteritis

Answer 7

severe anterios ischemic optic neuropathy, pain in temples, jaw claudication, ocular motility deficits (rectus muscle ischemia), ESR and CRP elevated, anorexia

Question 8

Whipples disease

Answer 8

rhythmic oculomasticatory movements (convergence), malabsorption sx

Question 9

botulism

Answer 9

gastroenteritis, bilateral pupillary paresis with reduced light responses and complete paralysis of accomodation, complete external ophtalmoplejia, systemic paralysis.

Question 10

Parinaud sx, sylvian aqueduct sx

Answer 10

vertical gaze palsy, vergence dysfunction, light near dissociation of the pupils, lid retraction, square wave jerks, convergence retraction nystagmus and skew deviation (lesion of dorsal midbrain, posterior commusure).

Question 11

Retinal detachment concept

Answer 11

separation of the neural retina from the retinal pigment epithelium

Question 12

rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Answer 12

development of one or more peripheral retinal tears or holes. Degenerative changes in votreous in elderly o ocular trauma.
Vitreous fluid passes under sensory retina

Question 13

relative afferent pupillary defect

Answer 13

in swinging flashlight test contriction is weaker or dilation of illuminated pupil. Optic neuropathy.
If the consensual response is better than the direct response, the ipsilateral optic nerve has a relative deficit, if the direct response is better than the consensual response, the contralateral optic nerve has a relative deficit

Question 14

Horners syndrome

Answer 14

monocular loss of sympathetic innervation of the eye. Pupil smaller, light reaction remains normal. Ptosis of the upper lid, small elevation of lower lid. Narrowing of the palpebral fissure. Sweating and temperature regulation.

Question 15

Horner por 1a neurona

Answer 15

signos troncales vasculares alternos

Question 16

Horner por 2a neurona

Answer 16

anhidrosis facial (patología cervical, vértice torácico (dolor, paresia frénica))

Question 17

Horner por 3a neurona

Answer 17

sin anhidrosis (vascular: disección, displasia, oclusion carotídea, migraña, Horton)

Question 18

tonic pupil syndrome

Answer 18

monocular loss of parasympathetic innervation of the eye. Damage in ciliary ganglion or short posterior ciliary nerves

Question 19

red eye referal

Answer 19

dry eye syndrome, scleritis, episcleritis, iritis, keratitis and angle closure glaucoma