Oestrus Flashcards by Olivia Jones

Which ovary do 60% of ruminant ovulations come from?

Right ovary

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How many days post-partum is it to visible oestrus for dairy cows and beef cows? When does the silent ovulation occur?

Dairy cows - 25-45
Beef cows - 50-60
Both have silent ovulation at 10-14 days

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Give examples of ways oestrus can be detected

Tail chalk and mount detectors
Teaser animals
Chinballs
Record keeping
Milk progesterone
Pedometers
(AM/PM rule -serve 12 hours after signs)

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What is the order of the oestrus cycle in cows?

Oestrus
Metoestrus
Dioestrus
Proestrus

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Name 4 signs of oestrus in cattle

Standing to be mounted
Flehmen response
Vulval swelling
Mucoid vaginal discharge
Holding milk
Restless
Mounting other cows
Vulva sniffing

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What must happen after calving to succesfully establish a pregnancy?

Uterus involution
Restoration of endometrium (cotyledons no longer present 25d post-partum)
Resumption of ovarian cyclicity
Insemination, fertilisation and maintenance of pregnancy

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Cystic ovarian disease can be follicular or luteal and symptoms can range from anoestrus to nymphomania. When does COD typically occur?

Lactation - <60 DIM

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Give examples of what may be associated with cystic ovarian disease

High production 
NEB, ketosis
Raised NEFAs
Twinning/peri-parturient problems
Genetic predisposition
XS BCS at drying off
Higher parity

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Follicular cysts are fluid filled and thin walled. What diameter are they? How long is there duration?

> 2.5 cm

Duration >10 days

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Follicular cysts arise from follicles that fail to ovulate. Give examples of what may cause a follicular cyst

Anything interfering with GnRH/LH
Negative energy balance
Mastitis or other illness
Lameness

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As follicular cysts grow in size, what hormone do they produce in the first half of their life if they are previously exposed to progesterone from a CL?

Oestradiol

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When are follicular cysts hormonally inactive?

If a CL > 2cm size is present on either ovary

Focus treatment on CL

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How can persistent oestrus seen with follicular cysts lead to a not-seen bulling cow?

Persistent oestrus causes nymphomania

Leads to frustration and giving up

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If you are unsure if a cyst is luteal or follicular, what should you do?

PRID

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Luteal cysts are luteinised follicular cysts with thick walls and fluid filled lacunae. Luteal cysts produce which hormone?

Progesterone

prevent/maintain pregnancy

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How can a mummified foetus be treated?

Prostaglandin or cull

Difficult to remove and poor prognosis

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When are foetal membranes classed as retained in cattle?

12-24 hours post-parturition

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What is RFM in cows linked to?

Obesity

Milk fever

What are the sequelae of RFM?

Decreases milk yield

Causes uterine infections - may affect fertility

What is subclinical endometritis?

WBCs in uterus when flushed with saline or cytobrush

How is endometritis treated in cattle?

Prostaglandin

If fails, metricure

How is metritis treated in cattle?

Systemic anitbodies
NSAIDs
+/- fluids and calcium

What are the 3 main groups of oestrus synchronisation?

Prostaglandin based
Progesterone based
GnRH based

Which method of synchronise does not work effectively in heifers?

GnRH based (Ovsynch)
(Fixed time AI)

How is prostaglandin given to manipulate oestrus?

2 injections 11 days apart | Come into oestrus 3-8 days later

What is the Ovsynch/GnRH oestrus synchronisation protocol?

Day 0 - GnRH Day 7 - prostaglandin Day 9 - GnRH Day 10/11 - AI

Which synchronisation method has poor results with fixed time AI?

PRID/progesterone based

How is progesterone given to manipulate oestrus?

Insert PRID Remove after 7 days and administer prostaglandin Will come into oestrus 1-5 days later

What can be used to abort a pregnancy in the first 100 days?

Prostaglandin | Works up to 150

When should post-partum vaginal/rectal checks be performed?

3-4 weeks post-calving

What is lochial discharge?

Normal discharge after calving | May be confused for endometritis - hence waiting 3-4 weeks for post-partum check

How many days after pregnancy do dairy cows start cycling again? When is a cow classed as not-cycling?

25-30 days | If 45+ days, prolonged anoestrus

You are doing a routine PD visit and a cow has one large dominant follicle and no CL. What stage of the oestrus cycle is she in?

Oestrus | Ready to serve (can give GnRH to prevent coming cystic)

When can prostaglandin be used to induce abortion?

Day 6-150 | steroids after this

Where is progesterone made? Where is prostaglandin made?

Progesterone - CL | Prostaglandin - endometrium

What is the voluntary waiting period in cattle?

50 days

What happens if you give a cow with a CL prostaglandin?

Ovulate 2-5 days later

A cow has a CL >2cm, what stage is she in?

Dioestrus

If a cow has a CL <2cm, what stages could she be in and how would you tell them apart?

Proestrus - large follicles | Metoestrus - if blood on vaginal exam

If the CL is less than 2cm, what can you do?

Give GnRH if problem cow | Otherwise wait until oestrus

How long do pregnant cows have a CL for?

Entire pregnancy

A cow has a CL >2cm and you decide she is in dioestrus. What can you give her to cause ovulation and when does this occur?

Give prostaglandin | Ovulate 2-5 days later

What drug can be given to induce parturition of sows with a known service date?

Deep IM Prostaglandin

When can progesterone sponges be used in sheep to synchronise oestrus?

If already cycling | E.g. if running with teaser ram