Abortion pathogens Flashcards by Olivia Jones

How do you differentiate follicular cysts from luteal cysts on ultrasound?

Follicular = thin walled,
Luteal = thick walled, >3cm

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How can follicular cysts (thin walled) be treated?

Burst
GnRH
Or leave

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Should you serve a cow that comes into heat straight after follicular cyst treatment?

No - do not inseminate as cyst may have ovulated (egg old and fertile)
Await next oestrus

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What is the treatment for luteal cysts (thick)?

Prostaglandin

If unsure if luteal, progesterone device

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What is purulent uterine discharge AFTER 21d postpartum?

Endometritis

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What is purulent discharge in the vagina and an enlarged uterus WITHIN 21d postpartum?

Metritis

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What is accumulation of purulent discharge within the uterine lumen in the presence of CL and a closed cervix?

Pyometra

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What is the treatment for pyometra?

Prostaglandin (PGF-2)

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What are the grades of endometritis?

Grade 0 - normal, clear/translucent
Grade 1 - flecks of pus
Grade 2 - <50% pus or <50ml exudate
Grade 3 - >50% pus or >50ml 
Grade 6 - with odour

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What are the grades of metritis?

Grade 1 - enlarged uterus, purulent discharge but no pyrexia/illness
Grade 2 - systemic illness/pyrexia
Grade 3 - toxaemia (cold extremities, dull)

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Name some 2 pathogens involved with metritis and endometritis

E. coli
Trueperella pyogenes
Fusobacterium necorphorum

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IBR is caused by BHV-1. What may be seen on PME?

Liver necrosis

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Are PI cows with BVD antibody and antigen positive or negative?

Antibody negative

Antigen positive

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If a cow is infected with BVD in the first trimester (up to 95 days), what happens to the pregnancy?

Foetal resorption/abortion

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If a cow is infected with BVD from days 95-120d of pregnancy, what happens?

Immunotolerance

Causes PI calf

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If a cow is a infected with BVD from day 120-285 of gestation, what happens?

Seropositive foetus with congenital abnormalities

Or abortion due to placentitis

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The UK is now free of Brucella abortus, an intracellular pathogen. How long do cows remain infected for? How does this pathogen cause abortion?

Infected for life

Abortion due to placentitis

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Which pathogens can infect pregnant cattle at ANY month of gestation?

BVD
Salmonella
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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Trichomonas causes abortion of cattle how far along in gestation?

2-4 months

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Neospora causes abortion in cattle that are how far along in gestation?

4-6 months

Brucella abortus causes abortion in cattle that are how far along in gestation?

6-8 months

What abortion percentage should farms aim for?

<5%

40% of bovine abortions are due to infectious disease. Give examples of what may cause non-infectious abortion

Nutritional: deficiency or NEB
Developmental: toxins, trauma, twinning, hormonal problem

At how many days gestation does the foetus have T-cell recognition of self?

90-120d

At how many days gestation does the foetus produce antibodies against BVD, Salmonella dublin and fungi?

BVD = 140d S. dublin = 165d Fungi = 200d

Give examples of consequences of the presence of BVD in a herd

Abortion Lower pregnancy rates Congenital abnormalities Mucosal disease

Give examples of how BVD can be controlled

Vaccination before 1st breeding Test bulls, bought in animals Test and cull PIs Avoid co-grazing with sheep

How often is the bulk milk tank screened for Brucella abortus antibodies? How is B. abortus prevented?

Monthly | Vaccination

Apart from Campylobacter causing abortion, what other repro problem can it cause?

Endometritis | C. fetus fetus + C. fetus veneralis

How is Camyplobacter diagnosed in cows?

PCR or culture of: Preputial wash in bulls Vaginal mucus aspiration in cows 'Campy kit'

Where does IBR (BHV-1) remain latent in carriers?

Trigeminal nerve | Recrudesence due to stress

How is IBR diagnosed? How is it prevented?

ELISA or immunofluoresence | Prevent with vaccine - can be used in face of outbreak

Where does Leptospirosis hardjo (zoonotic) reside and how is it excreted?

Kidneys | Excreted in urine (for months-years)

How is Leptospirosis controlled?

Vaccination | Bulk milk antibody testing

L. hardjo is often unapparent as it is in the latent state, but may cause RFM, infections of the repro tract and abortions, still births or weak calves. How is it diagnosed?

Bulk milk Ab testing for presence in herd Serology IF or PCR on aborted tissue, blood or urine

Which 2 antibiotics are used to treated Leptospirosis?

Dihydrostreptomycin | Oxytetracycline

Neospora causes abortions at 4-6 months gestation. When are congenitally infected heifers most likely to abort (which pregnancy)?

1st pregnancy | 10% abort, 10% weak calf, 80% PI calf

How can Neospora be diagnosed on PME?

Brain histopathology | of foetus

Is there a vaccine or treatment for neospora?

What are the 2 ways Neospora is transmitted?

Exogenous - ingesting oocysts | Endogenous - transplacental

How is Neospora diagnosed in adult cows?

Maternal serology - increasing Abs suggests recrudesence | Test calf at birt

How is Neospora controlled?

Keep dogs away from cattle feed and water, don't allow dogs to eat placentas Cull sero +ve cows and offspring Breed to beef bulls Use sexed semen to get Heifers from uninfected animals

How is Salmonellosis controlled?

Vaccination

How is Trichomoniasis spread?

Natural service (venereal)

Abortion from Trichomoniasis is rare. What clinical signs does Trichomoniasis cause (not in UK)?

Pyometra, endometritis | Poor pregnancy rates

What sample should be taken from a foetus PME to diagnose BVD?

Spleen or thymus | PCR

What sample should be taken from a foetus PME to diagnose Neospora? What test is used to diagnose Neospora in this tissue?

Brain | PCR or histopathology

What sample should be taken from a cow to diagnose Leptospirosis or IBR?

Blood | Serology

What congenital abnormalities does BVD cause in calves?

Microphthalmia | Cataracts