Odisha

Question 1

what is the population in Odisha

Answer 1

43 million

Question 2

How long is the coastline in Odisha

Answer 2

450 km

Question 3

what is a delta

Answer 3

Deltas are wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water. The usualy form when at a river mouth.

Mahanadi

Question 4

name 3 economic opportunities in Odisha

Answer 4

1. Bird sanctuary in chilka lake attracts 40 000 tourists each year
2. Large stocks of fish and Olive Ridley turtles- many local people are employed in coastal fishing and increasingly in aquaculture such as shrimps and tiger prawns
3. opportunities for offshore oil and natural gas in the Bay of Bengal

Question 5

What role do the mangroves play?

Answer 5

• adapted to harsh coastal condition provide protective belts that shelter villages from the worst events of tropical storms
• however mangroves trapping sediment could lead to further down depletion of sediment = higher risk of erosion

Question 6

Risks for human development

Answer 6

• increasing rates of erosion

- 3 million homes are at risk as a result of rising sea levels and storm surges

Question 7

temporal change in Odisha

Answer 7

natural seasonal variations occur,

1. with a build up of sediment along beaches and barrier beaches in the summer during low-energy wave conditions and erosion
2. in the winter when high-energy destructive waves remove sediments and deposits them offshore

Question 8

The 2011 shoreline change assessment carried out by the Ministry of Environment and forests concluded that

Answer 8

Any attempt to halt natural processes with hard engineering structures was likely to only shift the problem elsewhere- only 14% of the coastline was found to be stable

Question 9

What are the aims of the Odisha ICZM?

Answer 9

• establish sustainable levels of economic and social activity including fishing and the development of ecotourism
• maintaining sediment flow, measuring employment trends, monitor number of threatened species)
• protect coastal environment

Question 10

What have inter-organisational consultations done to help prevent over exploitation

Answer 10

Greenpeace India (NGO) has also been involved in meetings about income generation and the management of marine resources.

They have joined together with local farmers and fishers to prevent the over exploitation of fish

Question 11

What is the government doing to mitigate against the damages of climate change

Answer 11

Communities are being trained to plant mangrove nurseries and given incentives to protect them

Question 12

what is a ria

Answer 12

a drowned river valley that occurs when eustatic sea level change occurs

Question 13

characteristics of a ria

Answer 13

1. profile similar to a river valley
2. dendritic drainage sytem
3. valley is filled with sea water

Question 14

what is a fjord

Answer 14

a drowned glacial valley that occurs when eustatic sea level change occurs. they are often found on the coasts of New Zealand and Norway.

fords are glacial

Question 15

characteristics of a fjord

Answer 15

1. U shaped valler a less steep sided
2. much deeper than a ria
3. has a threshold at the mouth as this is where the glacier has stopped meaning it is not deep as the mouth.

Question 16

draw a cross section of both ria and fjord

Answer 16

ria- drowned river valley. lot more shallow

fjord- drowned glacial valley and a lot steeper

Question 17

what is a coastline of emergence

Answer 17

when sea levels have decreased (isostatic rebound)

Question 18

what is a coastline of submergence

Answer 18

when sea levels have increased

Question 19

what is a raised beach

Answer 19

1. a former wave cut platform

2. sea levels have retreated to expose them.

Question 20

outline the processes of sub Ariel weathering in the development of coastal landscapes

Answer 20

1. Weathering is the breaking down of rock in situ and there are three types of weathering processes
2. biological- when the root of a plant grows into the soil it can widen the gaps in the rock
3. mechanical - freeze thaw weathering. water gets into the cracks which then freezes then expands
4. chemical weathering. rainfall can contain dissolved carbon which is acidic. this may erode limestone features on the coastline

Question 21

Introduction

Answer 21

Odisha is located on the east coast of India and it has lost 28 per cent, of its 485-km-long coastline between 2000 and 2016 to sea water ingression

Changing wind patterns are causing high tidal waves and inundating habitable areas.

Question 22

how many hectares worth of mangroves have been put in place on the Odisha coastline

Answer 22

1. there is already 21,900 hectares protecting areas of importance such as the Chilika lake
2. plans emplace to put 4000 more on the Odisha coastline

Question 23

what is accretion

Answer 23

Accretion is the accumulation of sand as waves lose their energy and deposit their material

Accretion has benefited humans in extending land out from shorelines and being able to make more land for human activity and living. This has also posed a problem; over accretion can harm marine life in those areas which are not used to sudden changes in the environment.

Question 24

what is the biggest mangrove ecosystem

Answer 24

Bhitarkanika wetlands

Question 25

what are the environmental impacts of erosion in Odisha

Answer 25

Olive Ridley turtles mass nesting site on the Gahirmatha coast has been gradually shifting northward over the last 20 years due to coastal erosion.