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Geography > Contemporary urban environments > Flashcards

Contemporary urban environments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation

A

Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas.

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2
Q

3 physical causes of urbanisation in Birmingham.

A
  1. Plenty of raw materials in the black country. Eg Coal and Iron. They could get cheap coal as a result
  2. 60 m above seas level
  3. River Severn provides transport
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3
Q

A Political causes of urbanisation in Birmingham

A
  1. no guilds meant any ethnicity could set up a business (which is why brum is known as the city of 1000 trades)
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4
Q

Economic causes of urbanisation in Birmingham

A
  1. skilled labour attracted as a result of the industrial revolution and the employment opportunities it offered

Demand for Jewellery increased which provided more 30,000 employment opportunities in Brum

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5
Q

What goods were manufactured in BRUM

A
  1. Pens (75% of all pens in the world came from brum)
  2. guns for the war
  3. jewellery
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6
Q

What is the difference between urban growth and urbanisation.

A

Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas

Whereas urban growth focuses on an increase in population in urban areas

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7
Q

Why is natural increase more common in urban areas.

A

as the most common age group is 20-40 ( which is the most fertile age)

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8
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The outward growth of urban development which may engulf surrounding villages and towns

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9
Q

causes of suburbanisation

push and pull

A

push:

  1. Poor air quality
  2. smaller living standards and expensive
  3. industrialisation–> lack of employment

Pull
the opposite of ones mentioned

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10
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

the migration of people from major urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas.

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11
Q

causes of counter urbanisation to brant green

A
  1. the evesham loop line was put in place so workers could live in areas such as barnet green and commute to work
  2. More services are becoming available in the rural areas such as Tescos and takeaways
  3. in Barnt Green just 2 crimes of theft occurred in the past 2 years.
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12
Q

How does counter urbanisation differ from suburbanisation

A

Sub urbanisation is the growth of an urban area into the rural fringe however counter urbanisation is the growth in a rural area over the urban fringe.

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13
Q

Urban resurgence 4 marker

A
  1. Policies put in place in attempt to revitalise the CBD.
  2. Usually following a period of decline.
  3. this may attract people to move back to the inner cities with the increased number of gastro pubs and trendy restaurants.
  4. these people may be those who are more mobile such as university students
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14
Q

Characteristics of urban resurgence in Birmingham

A
  1. better quality street furniture and paving (eg grand central)
  2. more of trendy restaurants and gastro pubs
  3. Rising property prices as demand for housing in the city centre improves.

house prices have increased by 186% in the last 20 years in the jewellery quarter. In London this value is not much greater at 250%

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15
Q

Economic impacts of counter urbanisation to barnt green

A
  1. The city may suffer from a fall in population. With less people living there the will be a lower footfall each day and business may lose revenue as a result.
  2. this may cause negative multiplier effect
  3. schools and other services may close as a result
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16
Q

Social impacts of counter urbanisation.

A
  1. worse sense of community as some people may be forced out of the area. (rural areas are often known for their sense of community)
  2. may be a closure of rural schools as newcomers force some people out and they still send their kids to school in urban area as a result of good transport
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17
Q

What does the impact of counter urbanisation depend upon

A
  1. improvements in tech making it easier to work from home

2 commute times–> the development of hs2 is likely to make counter urbanisation more likely

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18
Q

How far is brant green from Birmingham

in minutes

A
  1. 30 mins drive

2. There is a train station run-in through brant green

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19
Q

why did the jewellery quarter go into decline

A

Increased competition for developing economies such s china

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20
Q

urban resurgence

A

involves improving the social, economic and environmental fabric of inner-city areas
eg jewellery quater

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21
Q

examples of poor living conditions in the B2B as a result of lack of electricity and energy

Lee bank

A
  1. candles were made from animal fat which attracted rats

2. coal used to heat homes created a lot of smoke and respiratory diseases were likely

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22
Q

environmental issues caused by the poor living conditions in the B2B

Lee bank

A
  1. as there were no toilets or people dumped their human waste into holes in the ground. but the water table is so high in brum that the water was easily contaminated.
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23
Q

when were the back to backs knocked down

A

in the 1950s. many people looked to move to the us as a result of new job opportunities

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24
Q

private organisations that have encouraged urban resurgence in the jewellery quarter

A

Space (Society for the Protection of Artistic and Cultural Enterprise)
Newhall square scheme costing 63 million resulting in 230 luxury apartments and a travel lodge.
completed in 2008/2009.

Whitemore warehouse is one of the sites being redeveloped

25
Q

examples of statistical and cartographical sources

A
  1. maps from Ordinance survey
  2. crime data from street checkers
  3. census results
26
Q

examples of music based on Birmingham

and quotes from it

A

I can’t find brummagen (written by Jon Wilks). the tune is quite somber featuring mainly a guitar.

  1. ‘there is hardly a place I know’ as a result of gentrification and clone towns.
  2. ‘And though it all feels safer now, This cleanliness won’t do somehow.’
  3. ‘I knowed nobody I would meet’ as many of those with low incomes were forced out
27
Q

evaluation of Brummagen from Jon Wills

A
  1. as a previous insider he may have topophilia to his younger days where it was more welcome and may be more biased to that time as a result.
28
Q

Problems with the Newhall square scheme

A

locals would have been priced out of the area.

29
Q

where does Birmingham rank on its cleanliness scale

A

4th. a study by goodmove states that Birmingham is the 4th cleanest country in the UK

30
Q

Explain the meaning of endogenous factors and exogenous factors

A
  1. endogenous factors originate internally such as relief of the land. if the land is flatter it becomes easier to build on and more developments may form on this land as a result.
  2. exogenous factors are those that originate externally. for example an influx of investment from individuals may gentrify an areas making it more attractive for those origin in there as a result.
31
Q

infrastructure definition

A

refers to the networks and connections in a place

32
Q

how has Birmingham been positively impacted affected by its infrastructure

A
  1. grand central has attracted more tourism and flagship stores such as primark
    (however many Individual stores closed as a result)
  2. this had social benefits as people had more income and could improve their standard of living
    (however this lead to the poorer communities being pushed out as a result of further gentrification)

the GDP per capita has increased by £3000 per year since the grand central was build (2015)

33
Q

how has Birmingham been negatively impacted by its infrastructure

A
  1. improved railway systems have encouraged residents to counter urbanise and live in brant green as they have short commutes.
  2. this means local schools such as (James brindly academy) may be under utilised and poorer quality as a result

they may choose to go to black well primary instead

34
Q

how has Birmingham been positively impacted by its surplus of raw materials

A

EC. had encouraged the growth of the industrial revolution as they could make goods for a lower energy cost

35
Q

when did the industrial revolution start

A

the late 18th century

36
Q

how has Birmingham been negatively impacted by its surplus of raw materials

A

increased air pollution as a result of increased energy consumption.

increased mining

37
Q

What does the Tysley incinerator in Birmingham do?

A
  1. it burns the waste that can’t be reused and recycled and convert it into electricity.

(power 41,000 homes)

38
Q

what did the UK government impose to cause packington to close

A

in 1996 a landfill tax was implemented meaning it was cheaper for those disposing of waste to go go a plant such as Tysely as it was cheaper

39
Q

what is packington like now

A

Remediation work at Packington will restored the area with meadows, woodland areas and lakes and public footpaths allowing locals views over the airport and the city of Birmingham.

35 million tonnes of rubbish is buried beneath

40
Q

was packing sustainable

A

Composting was introduced at Packington in 2004 and now almost 50,000 tonnes of green waste is turned into compost products for use on local farms and agricultural projects each year.

41
Q

impacts of landfills

A
  1. ground and soil pollution

2. living near land fills can cause cancer, respiratory disorders, and developmental defects in children.

42
Q

what waste does an incinerator such as Tysely cause

A

it creates bottom ash which can be used for concrete and tarmac

43
Q

how much waste has been exported to Nigeria

A

1.1 million tonnes per year

44
Q

when did counter urbanisation begin in Birmingham

A

1960-1990s

45
Q

how much have house prices increased by in the jewellery quarter

A

house prices have increased by 186% in the last 20 years in the jewellery quarter.

In London this value is not much greater at 250%

46
Q

what examples of urban regeneration and urban policy has been implemented in the UK

A

1981- urban development corporations

1981- enterprise zones

1991- city challenge

47
Q

what is an enterprise zone

A

an enterprise zone gave businesses incentives to set up in an area
1. 100 percent tax allowances for capital expenditure on constructing, improving or extending commercial or industrial buildings

  1. little planning permission was required
  2. Exemption of industrial training levies meaning cost of labour is less
48
Q

examples of an enterprise zone

A

merry hill
1. Round Oak steel works became derelict due to deindustrialization in the UK

Margret thatcher set up an enterprise zone in this area to create economic activity

eg 4000 people were employed

49
Q

positives of the merry hill enterprise zone

A
  1. 4000 people were employed
50
Q

negatives of the merry hill enterprise zone

A
  1. less people went to nearby areas such as Dudley and economic areas in nearby towns massively fell
51
Q

what is a urban development corporation

A

when the government focuses on improving properties on derelict land to sell to the private sector

52
Q

examples of successful UDC

A

Thatcher spent £1.8 billion on the London Docklands

  1. London docks used to be one of the biggest and the busiest docks in the world, however increasing size of boats and poor river quality lead to a decline

The consequences of the decline were devastating. 30,000 people lost their jobs, 50% of the London docks were left derelict

  1. one third of housing was unsatisfactory for human habitation.
53
Q

benefits of the UDC in the docklands

A
  1. 20,000 new homes were built with all basic necessities and standard of lignin improve as a result
  2. 190,000 jobs created
  3. attracted new companies as Cheaper rents here for large companies yet still the benefit of only being 10 minutes from central London
54
Q

negatives of the UDC in the docklands

A
  1. reduction of community spirit as ‘yuppies’ didn’t mix with the Eastenders
  2. Despite an increase in jobs with new businesses coming in, most required skills that the old dockers did not have
  3. many were priced out
55
Q

what was the city challenge

A

a scheme where companies had to demonstrate how the redevelopment would affect the area and the local authority as a whole. in order to bid for the funding

this approach better took into account the local community

56
Q

examples of the city challenge

A

Hulme, Manchester- £400 million investment from private and public sector
1. In the 1960s, when 120ha of high-density, back-to-back terraces which were cleared and replaced by five storey concrete ‘crescents’.

  1. However, just three years after they were completed, residents marched on the town hall protesting against standards after a child died from falling off a balcony, forcing the council to relocate families elsewhere.
  2. this meant that the streets in the sky had to be demolished
  3. In 1992, the government granted funding to demolish the crescents and a partnership consisting of local government, construction companies, housing associations and private investors was established to deliver the redevelopment.
57
Q

benefits of the city challenge in Hulme

A

40,000 houses improved
53,000 jobs created
2,000 ha of derelict land was converted into homes which has become popular for students

58
Q

negatives of the city challenge

A
  1. those who didn’t win the bid such as Birmingham waster money on preparing bid.
  2. and little money was often spread around large areas
59
Q

how is the sense of place kept in the Jewellery quarter

A

museums such as the pen factory remind the locals and tourist of what the areas once was and the experience that belongs with it

also a new bar called the button factory

Geography (12 decks)

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