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Geography > Coasts and Holderness > Flashcards

Coasts and Holderness Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the average rate of erosion at Holderness?

A

1.8 m per year

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2
Q

How long is the Holderness coastline?

A

61 km

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3
Q

4 Main reasons for rapid erosion?

A
  • Easily eroded rock type - boulder clay
  • Naturally narrow beaches
  • Human impacts - groynes
  • Powerful waves - prevailing wind from the north east - waves increase in power over a long distance - from the Arctic Ocean
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4
Q

4 Economic Impacts of coastal erosion?

A
  • Property prices of houses near the sea have fallen
  • B1242 at risk of falling into the sea ->less tourism
  • Businesses are at risk from erosion - people will lose their jobs
  • Farmland is lost
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5
Q

Why is Easington important?

A
  • 25m from the cliff edge

- Accounts for 25% of Britain’s gas supply

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6
Q

Social impacts of coastal erosion

A
  1. Houses are lost forcing people to move
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7
Q

How much farmland is lost each year?

A

80km^2

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8
Q

How much of Holderness’ coast line has been protected by hard engineering?

A

11.4km

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9
Q

Intro to holderness

A

The Holderness Coast is located on the east coast of England. It extends 61km from Flamborough in the north to Spurn Point in the south. The Holderness Coastline is one of Europe’s fastest eroding at an average annual rate of around 2 metres per year.

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10
Q

Why should Holderness be protected

A

As caravan parks such as Long Beach leisure park in Hornsea attract tourism for the holderness boosting the local economy

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11
Q

Why should Holderness be protected?

A

As caravan parks such as Long Beach leisure park in Hornsea attract tourism for the holderness boosting the local economy

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12
Q

What defences are at Hornsea?

A
  • 4.7km Sea wall at Bridlington
  • Wooden groynes
  • Rock armour
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13
Q

Explain what they would do for managed realignment at the holdernees coast

A

They would relocate caravan parks (sandy caravan parks) further inland and allowing the land they are on to erode.
this is beneficial as it would allow the coast to erode as normal without endangering buissinesses or messing up the dynamic equilibrium.

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14
Q

what is the problem with managed realignment

A

issues surrounding how much compensation buissinesses will get for relocating. Also relocation isnt always possible e,g there maybe no land for sale

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15
Q

What does the SMP suggest to do with Easington gas terminal

A

1) Its currently protected by rock revetments, and the SMP recomends that these defences are maintained for as long as the gas terminal is opertaing.

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16
Q

explain mass movement

A

Mass movement is the downhill movement of sediment that moves because of gravity.

Water makes the clay heavier and acts as a lubricant between particles, which makes it unstable.

The Boulder clay the slumps and rotates

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17
Q

explain deposition

A

when the wave loses energy and deposits the material it is carrying

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18
Q

where do spits form on the Holderness

A

Erosion and longshore drift have created a spit with a recurved end across the mouth of the Humber Estuary - this is called Spurn Head. It’s 5.5km long

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19
Q

are the defences sustainable

A

no.
The groynes trap sediment, increasing the width of the beaches. Mappleton scheme has caused increased erosion to the holderness cliffs south of mappleton

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20
Q

what is managed realignment

A

allowing certain parts of the areas of the coast to flood to save the other

21
Q

formation of a spit

A

process of longshore drift

  1. some eroded material carried by the waves in cells called littoral cells
  2. material is carried along the shore in a zig zag manner and builds out into the sea
  3. the spit often curves inwards to the land as a result of the prevailing wind pushing the sediment to the shore
22
Q

how is a bar formed

A

when a spit extends from headland to headland

23
Q

formation of salt marsh

A
  1. salt marshes usually form behind spits. the spit provides shelter for material to build up behind it
  2. halophytes such as glass worts trap more sediment
  3. causing the salt marsh to grow and develop more
24
Q

example of a negative feedback loop on the coasts

(taking a system back to equilibrium

A
  1. storms erodes a coastline
  2. when destructive waves from the storm lose energy they deposit their material as an offshore bar
  3. beach is protected from erosion and beach replenishes
  4. the offshore bar is eroded and the beach returns to normal conditions.
25
Q

example of a positive feedback loop on the coasts

taking a system away from the equilibrium

A
  1. people walking on the beach destroys vegetation and causes erosion
  2. as the roots hold the sand dunes together without them the coast becomes more vulnerable to erosion
  3. Eventually the sand dunes will be completely eroded leaving more of the beach open to erosion taking the beach further away from its original state
26
Q

describe the process of longshore drift

A
  1. prevailing winds alter the direction of the waves
  2. the swash approaches the beach at an angle transferring sediment along the beach
  3. backwash pulls sediment directly down from the beach
  4. swash moves the sediment along again
27
Q

factors affecting wave energy

A
  1. strength of the wind
  2. duration of the wind
  3. fetch (distance the wind has travelled)
28
Q

Characteristics of a destructive wave

A 
wave length- short
frequency- 11-16 per minuite
swash - weak
backwash -strong
effect on coastline- steep coastline
29
Q

characteristics of a constructive wave

A 
wave length -long
frequency- 6-9 per minuite
swash- strong
backwash- weak
effect on coastline- shallow depositional coastline.
30
Q

when does a spring tide occur

A
  1. when the sun and the moon are in alignment.
  2. The gravitational forces combine and pull the ocean towards them.
  3. the highest tides are created closest to the moon
  4. the lowest tides are created on the other side of the planet
  5. largest possible tidal range
31
Q

when does a neap tide occur

A
  1. when the moon and the sun are perpendicular to each other
  2. gravitational forces act against each other
  3. pull is minimised at high tide and low tide is higher
  4. smallest possible tidal range
32
Q

hydraulic action

A
  1. when waves crash into a cliff face causing air to fill cracks
  2. as the air expands the cracks widen
  3. rock breaks and erosion occurs
33
Q

erosional processes

A
  1. hydraulic action
  2. abrasion- rocks grind along the sea bed causing them to become smooth
  3. attrition- rocks bash against each other
  4. corrosion- the sea water dissolves some rock such as chalk or limestone
34
Q

how is coastal erosion caused by humans in the holderness

A
  1. destroyed vegetation on paths ect
  2. the implantation of Rock groins in Mappleton causes further erosion down the coast as they are starved of material which protect the coast from erosion (terminal groyne syndrome)
35
Q

natural factors affecting coastal erosion

A
  1. rock type

2. wave energy

36
Q

eustatic sea level change

A

the change in sea levels relative to the land

37
Q

isostatic sea level change

A

Isostatic adjustments may result from tectonic uplift or changes caused by the enormous weight of ice depressing the crust during an Ice Age, only for the land subsequently to uplift (rebound) on melting.

38
Q

Size of the economy in Bridlington

A

£34 million per year

39
Q

Why may it be particularly important to protect bridlington currently

A

As the local economy will be in a recession from COVID-19

40
Q

Evaluation of a sea wall

A

may be unsustainable in the long term as they have a life span of 30-50 years

41
Q

Evaluation of the coastal erosion caused by the rock groins in Mappleton

A

the erosion affects areas such as Crowden farm and as the population is so little the effects may be minor

42
Q

soft engineering in the holderness

A
  1. beach nourishments- sand is pumped onto shore to replace the loss from longshore drift
  2. Cliff stabilisation- lowing the angle of the cliff to allow waves to run up them
  3. managed retreat- to create marshland which stabilises sediment and slows waves down
43
Q

evaluation of cliff stabilisation

A

erosion still occurs. It is a short term fix as once eroded the cliffs need to be re dug and stabilised

44
Q

sea level rise at the holderness

A

30cm per year

45
Q

cusp formation

A
  1. occurs at a junction between sand and shingle
  2. once the curve is created the swash is concentrated in the centre of the curve
    ]3. creating a strong backwash pulling more material down the beach
46
Q

what are the inputs within a coastal setting

A

Energy is inputted in the form of waves, wind currents and tides.

47
Q

what is the ICZM

A

refers to a large scale management of costs by multiple stakeholders

48
Q

how many SMPS were implemented

A

22 in 1995

Geography (12 decks)

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