Ocular Pharm

Question 1

How much of drops are lost to evaporation

Answer 1

25%

Question 2

Bioavability

Answer 2

The percent of unchanged drug that gets to the desired site.

Question 3

Tear layer characterisitics

Answer 3

Lipid=lipid soluble. Aqeuous=water mucus=both

Question 4

Corneal layer characteritis

Answer 4

End and epi=lipid. Stroma=water

Question 5

What type of drugs with penetrate best

Answer 5

small, uncharged, lipid soluble molecules. Most formulated as weak bases.

Question 6

What route has the best bioavaliblity

Answer 6

IV

Question 7

Where are parasympathetic cell bodies located

Answer 7

Cranial sacral. PCS.

Question 8

Where are sympathetic cell bodies located

Answer 8

Thoracic-lumbar.

Question 9

NT for preganglionin in Para

Answer 9

Acetylcholine

Question 10

NT for pre ganglion in symp

Answer 10

Acetylcholine

Question 11

Which autonomic pathway has longer post ganlgionic

Answer 11

sympathetic

Question 12

NT for post ganglion Para

Answer 12

acetylcholine

Question 13

NT for post ganglion sympathetic

Answer 13

norepinerphein and epinerphine.

Question 14

Functions of para

Answer 14

SLUDGE

Question 15

Dilator of iris sympathetic function and receptor

Answer 15

alpha 1. Dilates

Question 16

CB vasculature SNS function and receptor

Answer 16

Alpha 2. Decreaes aqeuosu

Question 17

CM vascualrture SNS function and recptor

Answer 17

B2. relaxes

Question 18

TM SNS function and recetpro

Answer 18

B2. Increases outflow

Question 19

NPCE SNS function and receptor

Answer 19

B1 and B2. Increases outflow.

Question 20

What structures in the eye receive Parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 20

Iris, CB, and lacrimal gland.

Question 21

Pilocarpine

Answer 21

Direct acting cholinergic agonist. First every glaucoma drug. Stimulates the longitudinal fibers of the CB which pulls on the scleral spur and opens up the TM.

Question 22

What pilio do you use with Aidies

Answer 22

0.125%

Question 23

SE of pilocarpine

Answer 23

brow ache, HA, myopic shift, can cause angle closure or RD or cataracts.

Question 24

Edrophonium (Enlon)

Answer 24

Used to diagnose MG. If ptosis improves know it is MG.

Question 25

Neostigmine (prostigmin)

Answer 25

Treatment for MG or limb strength evaluation.

Question 26

Echothiophate (phospholine)

Answer 26

Irreversible ACHE inhibitors. Can be used to diagnose or treat accommodative esotropia.

Question 27

Pyridostigmine (mestinon)

Answer 27

Used to treat MG.

Question 28

Pralidoxime

Answer 28

Used for overdose of indirect cholinergic agonists. Only works with irreversible (echothiphate)

Question 29

Scopalamine

Answer 29

Cholinergic antagonist. Used for motion sickness. High incidence of crossing BBB.

Question 30

Which cholinergic antagonist has the fastest onset and shortest duration?

Answer 30

tropic amide

Question 31

Atropine

Answer 31

Most potent.

Question 32

Who should you dilate with caution?

Answer 32

THINK. Thyroid. Iris fixed IOL. Narrow angle. Kids (DS)

Question 33

which drug do you use for anterior uvieits?

Answer 33

homatropine. It dilates the iris, reduces pain, and stabilizes the blood aqueous barrier.

Question 34

How long does Atropin work

Answer 34

7-10 days

Question 35

How long does scopolamine work

Answer 35

3-7 days

Question 36

How long does homatropine work

Answer 36

1-3 days

Question 37

How long does cycloplegia work

Answer 37

24 hours

Question 38

How long does tropic amide work

Answer 38

4-6 hours.

Question 39

Botox

Answer 39

Anticholingeric and NMJ.

Question 40

Norephinerphein vs. Epinerphine

Answer 40

Norepinephrine does not work on B2 receptors.

Question 41

Phenylephrine

Answer 41

Sympathetic agonist. 2.5% routinely used for dilation. Acts on alpha 1 receptor with no affect on B. Allows dilation without any SE.

Question 42

Which is the weird on in sympathetic NS

Answer 42

Alpha 2

Question 43

When to give BB

Answer 43

In the morning

Question 44

Who should you be cautions with BB

Answer 44

diabetic (hid hypo signs), lungs, Heart, hyperthyroidism, MG.

Question 45

Short term escape

Answer 45

lowers initially and then raises

Question 46

Long term drift

Answer 46

IOP starts to gradually rise

Question 47

Do you get short term escape and long term drift with BB

Answer 47

YES.

Question 48

Cosopt

Answer 48

Timolol and dorzolamide

Question 49

Combigan

Answer 49

Timolol and briminoladine

Question 50

Alpha 2 agonist action

Answer 50

Act to decrease production and increase outflow

Question 51

SE of CAI

Answer 51

Aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, agranuloctyopenia, metallic taste, metabolic acidosis.

Question 52

CI for CAI

Answer 52

SULFA BASED

Question 53

Prostaglandin Analogs

Answer 53

Acts on FP receptors (PGF2alpha) on the ciliary muscle which causes reduction of neighboring collage (using MMP), decreasing resistance with the uveoscleral meshwork. Also acton on skin receptors and hair follicles.

Question 54

When to dose prostaglandins

Answer 54

bedtime

Question 55

SE of prostaglandins

Answer 55

Iris herterochromia, darker lashes, dark pigment around the eyes.

Question 56

Reduction in IOP of glaucoma drugs

Answer 56

Apraclondine (30-40), prost (33), Pilo (30). BB (25), biminodine and dorzolamid (18).

Question 57

How do topical ocular anesthetics work

Answer 57

Block nerve conduction and change membrane potential by stopping the influx of Na.

Question 58

Amides

Answer 58

Go inside. Injectable. Liver.

Question 59

Esters

Answer 59

topical. Metabolized locally.

Question 60

Proparacaine

Answer 60

Ester anistehtic. Lasts 10-20 minutes.

Question 61

Fluoress

Answer 61

Fluorescent and benoxinate (another topical anesthetic)

Question 62

How do antihistamines work

Answer 62

block the cell receptors the histamines act upon

Question 63

Emedastine

Answer 63

H1 antihistamine. Use with moderate allergic conj.

Question 64

Mast cell stabilizers

Answer 64

Not good for acute but use chronically. Stops mast cells from becoming degranulated by stopping CA influx.

Question 65

SE of corticosteroids

Answer 65

Risk of secondary infection, Cataract, ocular HTN (junk not cleared out and decreased outflow)

Question 66

What do corticosteroids do?

Answer 66

Stop phosophilapase A2.

Question 67

Soft Steroids

Answer 67

FML and Loteprednol.

Question 68

NSAIDS

Answer 68

COX blockers so stop Leukotriens, thrombin,

Question 69

Where is FA dye injected

Answer 69

Brachial vein

Question 70

How long from injection to eyes

Answer 70

10-20 seconds

Question 71

Who is glycine CI in?

Answer 71

Diabetics. Use isosorbide instead.

Question 72

Methylcellulose

Answer 72

used to increase viscosity of AT and allow more contact time with cornea