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Kevin's KMK Flashcards > Ocular Motility (Done) > Flashcards

Ocular Motility (Done) Flashcards

1
Q

Abduction & Adduction are rotations about the ____ axis.

A

Z axis

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2
Q

Elevation & Depression are rotations about the ____ axis.

A

X axis

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3
Q

Incycloduction (intorsion) & excyclotorsion (extorsion) are rotations about the ____ axis.

A

Y axis»remember this is the upper portion of the eye that tilts inward or outward

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4
Q

Dextroversion is eye movements to the …

A

RIGHT

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5
Q

Levoversion are eye movements to the…

A

LEFT

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6
Q

What are all the actions of the Superior rectus?

A

Elevation, intorsion, and adduction

|&raquo_space;23 degrees temporal to line of sight

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7
Q

What are all the actions of the Inferior rectus?

A

Depression, extorsion, and adduction

|&raquo_space;23 degrees to temporal line of sight

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8
Q

What are all the actions of the Superior oblique?

A

Intorsion, elevation, and abduction

|&raquo_space;54 degrees medial to line of sight

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9
Q

What are all the actions of the Inferior oblique?

A

Extorsion, elevation, and abduction

|&raquo_space;51 degrees medial to line of sight

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10
Q

What is the Spiral of Tillaux?

A

describes the line of insertion of the recti muscles on the globe of the eye

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11
Q

Which rectus muscle inserts closest to the limbus? the farthest?

A

Medial rectus, and Superior rectus

Remember, MILF

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12
Q

What is Listing’s Law?

A

For 1 eye, the eye must rotate around axes to achieve a given direction of gaze

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13
Q

What 3 systems make it so that the fovea aligns with the object of interest?

A
  1. Saccades
  2. Pursuits
  3. Vergence system
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14
Q

Which 3 systems focus on holding the image in place on the retina?

A
  1. Fixation system
  2. VOR system
  3. OKN system
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15
Q

What is the Troxler effect? How is this overcome?

A

Describes the fading of the peripheral images when the eye is fixated on a central object
»MICROSACCADES stop this from happening

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of movements associated with fixation?

A

Microsaccades, microtremors, and microdrifts

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17
Q

Which of the 3 types of movements associated with fixation are non-intentional noise?»which one is intentional?

A

Microtremors and microdrifts are non-intentional noise, while microsaccades are intentional (help eliminate Troxler effect)

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18
Q

Which of the 3 types of movements associated with fixation is the fastest?

A

Microtremors

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19
Q

What is VOR?

A

stabilizes images on the fovea during brief head movements by producing an eye movement of equal magnitude to the head movement, but in the OPPOSITE direction

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20
Q

How fast is the VOR? What is the latency?

A

very fast–300 degrees/ sec with a very small latency of 15 msec

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21
Q

Does the VOR require a visual stimulus in order to occur?

A

NO. VOR will occur in response to head movement even if the eyes are closed

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22
Q

Will slow growing lesions cause nystagmus?

A

Generally, NO. Acute lesions will though

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23
Q

If there is damage to the inner ear, what symptoms often accompany this?

A

Oscillopsia, nausea, and vertigo

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24
Q

If caloric testing is performed, in what movement will the quick phase be if warm water is placed in the right ear?

A

Slow phase to the left, quick phase to the right

REMEMBER….COWS (cold opposite, warm same)

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25
Q

If caloric testing is performed, in what movement will the slow phase be if cold water is placed in the right ear?

A

slow phase to the right, quick phase to the left (COWS)

26
Q

What is the Null point in regards to nystagmus?

A

the direction of gaze where the nystagmus has the lowest amplitude

27
Q

Is end-point nystagmus physiological or pathological?

A

Physiological–no symptoms!

28
Q

In which binocular dysfunction is latent nystagmus found?

A

Infantile esotropia

29
Q

What happens to latent nystagmus when one eye is occluded?

A

there is an increase in velocity and amplitude

30
Q

Name 4 types of pathological nystagmus.

A
  1. Spasmus nutans (resolves after 2-8 years)
  2. Convergence-retraction syndrome
  3. Gaze-evoked nystagmus
  4. See-saw nystagmus
31
Q

What is OKN?

A

OKN maintains a stable image of a MOVING object on the fovea when the head is STILL.
ex. watching a train go by

32
Q

The nasal to temporal OKN is absent in infants until _____ months of age

A

3-4 months of age

33
Q

What is the approximate velocity and latency of saccades, respectively?

A

1000 degrees/sec and 200 msec latency

34
Q

Which types of saccades are used while reading?

A

Microsaccades

35
Q

Are saccades voluntary or involuntary?

A

BOTH. Sometimes voluntary, but sudden visual, auditory, or peripheral stimuli may elicit involuntary saccades.

36
Q

What structure controls saccadic eye movements?

A

Frontal eye fields

37
Q

If a patient is performing saccades to the left, which side of the frontal eye fields is controlling this action?

A

CONTRALATERAL

38
Q

Damage to the right FEF’s results in impaired saccades towards the _____ side, resulting in the eyes turning toward the ______.

A

LEFT side, therefore eyes turn to the right side

39
Q

A TBI to which frontal eye field will yield worse complaints by the patient?

A

Left side, because this will impact saccades to the right, which will, therefore, affect reading ability

40
Q

Ocular flutter and opsoclonus are typically associated with _________ disease.

A

Cerebellar disease

41
Q

Describe what pursuits are.

A

slow, tracking movements that allow continuous fixation of the fovea on a MOVING object»CANNOT perform pursuit on a stationary object!

42
Q

What is the approximate velocity and latency of a pursuit?

A

Velocity is 50 degrees/sec and latency 125 msec

43
Q

Which are of the brain controls pursuits? and which side of the brain?

A

PARIETAL lobe…Ipsilateral side!

44
Q

What is Tonic vergence?

A

describes the eyes position of rest at distance without a stimulus to convergence or accommodation

45
Q

What is Proximal vergence?

A

A person’s awareness of a near target

46
Q

What is Fusional vergence?

A

initiated by retinal image disparity and helps the eyes compensate for a phoria to obtain bifoveal fixation and binocular vision

47
Q

What is Accommodative vergence?

A

Initiated by blur and occurs in concert with changes in accommodation

48
Q

What is the velocity and latency of vergence movements?

A

Velocity is very slow at 10 degrees/second, while latency is 160 msec

49
Q

What are some subjective testing methods in order to determine the extent of double vision?

A

Maddox rod, red lens test, and Hess-Lancaster test

50
Q

What does it mean if the diplopia experienced by the patient is comitant?

A

This means that it is likely secondary to a decompensated phoria

51
Q

If a deviation is non-comitant, what must be performed?

A

Forced ductions!

52
Q

If upon performing forced ductions, you find out it is a vertical muscle palsy, which test can you perform to isolate the muscle?

A

Parks 3 step

53
Q

Where do we have the patient look if we want to isolate the inferior oblique?

A

up and in (O’s to the nose)

54
Q

Where do we have the patient look if we want to isolate the superior oblique muscle?

A

Depression and looking inwards (O’s to the nose)

55
Q

Where do we have the patient look if we want to isolate the superior rectus?

A

Elevation and looking away from the midline

56
Q

Where do we have the patient look if we want to isolate the inferior rectus?

A

Depression and looking away from the midline

57
Q

IO palsies cause patients to have a head tilt _________ side of the lesion.

A

Toward (same side as the lesion)–unlike a SO palsy

58
Q

What is the affected muscle in Brown’s syndrome?

A

SO muscle and tendon or abnormality of the trochlea

59
Q

What are some characteristics of Brown’s syndrome?

A

Typically unilateral, small hypotropia in primary gaze, limited elevation during aDduction

60
Q

What are some characteristics of Duane’s retraction syndrome among all types?

A

globe retraction, narrowing of palpebral fissure w/ aDduction, and patients commonly present w/ esotropia in primary gaze

Kevin's KMK Flashcards (13 decks)

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