Ocular Disease Flashcards
Sclerotic Scatter
Get it aligned and then look with naked eye
Optic section
Depth
Conical beam
Dark adaption
Specular reflection
Oculars and beams at equal angel
Indirect illumination
Look off to the side
Is blanching in chemical burns bad or good?
Bad. Indicates ischemia.
Which is the most bad ocular burn?
Alkali. More prevalent too.
Corneal erosion
Can have mitotic pupil and mild anterior chamber reaction
Commotion Retina
Bruising of the retina OS. White. Resolves in 24-48 hours.
Berlins edema
Commotion retina in the macula
Can you do gonio on a hyphema?
No. Wait 1 month post injury to avoid re bleed.
Vossius ring
Pigment on lens due to lens hitting iris. Trauma.
Iriodialysis
Breaking at iris root. Will see a wide band of CB. Monitor for angle recession glaucoma due to damage of TM.
Orbital fracture
Most common to occur in maxillary bone in posterior medial. Crepitus, pain, diplopia, restriction. infraorbital hypesthesia, angle recession, etc.
Gonio and orbital fracture
None for 4 weeks
Blowing nose and orbital fracture
don’t do it for 48 hours after trauma.
Purtscher’s Retinopathy
Occurs with CPR or strangulation. Diffuse retinal hemorrhages, exudates, and cotton wool spots.
Choroidal rupture
Temporal to ON. Concentric to ONH. Risk of CNVM. Occurs with trauma.
Preseptal cellulitis
Most common. Occurs secondary to skin trauma like bug bites or acute hordeolum. no pain to mild tenderness, eyelid edema, no orbital congestion, ptosis, warmth.
Orbital Cellulitis
An infection posterior to septum. Can occur from a sinus infection. Will have diplopia, EOM restriction, APD, eye pain, malice, reduced color vision, diplopia.
What can orbital cellulitis cause
meningitis or cavernous sinus thrombosis
What can diabetics and immunocompromised get?
mucormycosis.
How to tell if preseptal or septal.
Preseptal will not have decreased VA, Pain on eye movements, fever, proptosis, EOM restriction.
Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves)
Females. MG correlation. TSH receptor antibodies attacking EOMs and can also affect thyroid gland. Tendon sparing. IM SLO.
Signs with TED
Unilateral or bilateral proptosis, upper lid retraction, edema. Decreased color vision, EOM restriction, APD.
What is the most common cause of proptosis in middle aged patients
Graves
Greatest risk factor for the development of Graves?
Smoking
Grading system for TED
NOSPECS. No signs or symptoms. Only signs but no symptoms (Dalrymple’s side-lid retraction), Soft tissue involvement (such as lid edema and conj. chemosis) Proptosis EOM involvement. Corneal involvement, Sight loss due to EOM compression.
Von Graffe sign
Lid delay on down gaze
Where does the thyroid patient have difficulty looking?
No looking up. The IR must relax.
Lochner’s Sign
Globe lag compared to lid movement when looking up
Normal exopthalmetry for adults
12-22 caucasians. 12-18 Asians. 12-24 African americans.
Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Abnormal communication between arterial and venous system. Common with closed head trauma. Build up of venous fluid with bruit, pulsatile proptosis, ocular bruit. Can also have loss of facial sensation or CN 3,4,6 palsy.
What goes through cavernous sinus
3,4,6V1,V2. V3 and 7 do not go through.
Cavernous Hemangioma
Most common benign orbital tumor in adults
Capillary hemangioma
Most common benign orbital tumor in kids
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Most common primary pediatric orbital malignancy
Neuroblastoma
Most common secondary malignancy. From abdomen.
Optic nerve glioma
Most common intrinsic tumor of the ON. NF type 1.
Mengingioma
Most common benign brain tumor
Dermoid cyst
Often in ST quadrant. Will have proptosis.
Neurofibroma
Tumor of astrocytes. Associated with NF.
Neurilemmoma (schwannoma)
A benign tumor of Schwann cell
What is seen with orbital tumors commonly
Progressive vision loss, APD, proptosis, diplopia.
Idiopathic Orbital inflammatory syndrome (orbital Pseudotumor)
Young to middle aged. Inflammatory process that can affect anything in the eyes. Have acute unilateral red eye, diplopia, or decreased vision. Can have fever, nausea, and vomiting. Proptosis or EOM restrictions, perioribital swelling, CHEMOSIS, lacrimal gland enlargement, increased IOP, decreased corneal sensation. Tendons WILL be inflamed.
Chemosis
Typically with allergic symptoms. However, if no itching and uliateral consider Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome
Tolasa hunt syndrome
idiopathic orbital inflammation that affect cavernous sinus or SOF. Acute and painful exopthlamplegia to ipsilateral palsies on CN 3,4,6. Loss of sensory can also occur.
What do you suspect with bilateral orbital psuedotumor?
Systemic vasculitis.
Ocular Rosacea
Affects sebaceous glands (meiobomian). Has telengectasia. Can cause Ocular surface disease (phlyctenules, SPK, corneal neo, staph marginal keratitis) and dry eye syndrome.
Contact dermatitis
Type 4 reaction. Acute periorbital swelling, redness, and itching. 24-72 hours.
Ocular Cicatrical Pemphigoid
Type II reaction. Cell-mediated. Old female. conj. basement membranes are attacked. Symblepharon (bulbar to palpebral), ankyloblepharon, conj fibrosis and scaring. Destroys meiobomina, goblet, and accessory lacrimal gland=severe ocular surface disease.
What drugs can cause OCP
Pilocarpine, epinephrine, Timolol (PET)
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Type III hypersensitivity. Affects mucus membranes. Drugs (sulfa) or infectious agents can cause.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Acute signs/symptoms.
Will have a systemic prodrome of fever, malaise, and vomiting. Followed by skin lesions and ocular lesions (pseudomembranes, bilateral conj, endopthalmitis)
Chronic Steven-johnson
Entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, Mebomian gland damage, symblepharon, conj. keratinization. Ulcers, neo, scars.
Seborrheic vs. staph belph
Seborrheic has less lid inflammation, more oily, greasy scales, and more eyeglash loss and misdirected growth.
Chalazian
Chronic, steril inflammation of meiobomian gland. Ask about acne rosacea or seborrheic dermatitis
Hordeolum
Acute and hot. Ask about acne rosacea and seborrhea dermatitis. An acute staph infection of the eyelids
Internal hordeolum
meiobmoian glands
External hordolum
Glands of Zeiss or moll
Floppy Eye Lid Sydrome
Associated with Sleep apnea, NAION, normotensive glaucoma
Benign Essental Belpharospasm
Both eyes. Orbitularis, procures, and corregatio.
Meige syndrome
BEB and lower facial abnormalities
Myokymia
orbicular oculi only. Unilateral.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Telengectasia. Rodent ulcer. Most common. Lower and medial most common
Squamous cell carcinoma
Comes from actinic keratosis. No telengectasia. More likely to metastasize
Order of most likely to metastastize
Malik mel–>Sebaceous gland–>squamous–>basal
Keratocanthoma
Look like BCC or SCC but will grow and then shrink.
Sebaceous gland carcinoma poor prognosis
Greater than 2mm
Dacroadentitis
Acute–>staph. Chronic–>sacred. S-shaped ptosis in acute. Can have swelling of preauricaular lymphadopenathy.
Canaliculitis
Pouting punch. Most common culprit is Actinomyces isralies (yellow sulfur granules). Will have a smoldering red eye. Will have pus or blood with palpitation.
Dacryocystitis
Lacrimal sac infection. Often occurs with nasolacrimal duct obstruction (kids) or involutional stenosis (aging). Selling below the medical canthal tendon. More pain and swelling than with cannaliculitis.
What to do with dacryocystitsi
Do not refer for treatment or irrigate. Start treatment first.
Nasolacrimal duct stenosis. M or F.
More common in females
Jones 1 testing
Put in dye and should drain out. Positive=patent=good.
Jones 2 testing
Nasolacrimal irrigation with saline following a negative Jones 1 test.
Conj. cyst
common benign fluid filled sac on conj.
Conj concretions
Superficial deposits in conj.
Conjunctival nevus
Presents puberty or early adulthood. Inclusion cysts are diagnosis for conj. nevus.
PAM (primary acquired melanosis)
Older patient. Flat and indistinct. Premalignant tendencies.
Conj. melanomas
happen in caucasians. Come from PAM. Thickness of lesion is prognosis. Metas. to liver.
Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm
Most common conj. malignancy. Can progress to squamous cell carcinoma.
PAM vs. CIN
PAM goes to melanoma. CIN goes to squamous cell carcinoma.
Conj. squamous cell carcinoma
Rare and slow growing. Comes from CIN. Caucasians.
Conj. Granuloma
Inflamed area within the conj. stroll tissue. Occurs with retained FB etc. Symptomatic or FB symptoms
Types of bacterial conjunctivitis
Simple bacterial conjunctivitis or Gonococcal
Cause of simple bacterial conjunctivitis in kids
h. influenza
Cause of simple bacterial conjunctivitis in adults
s. aureus or s. epidermis
Simple bacterial conjunctivitis
Acute onset of redness that usually begins in one eye and become bilateral. Eyelids stuck together upon wakening. Symptoms typically subside in 10-14 days without treatment. Discharge is typically mucopurulent. Corneal signs and pre auricular lymphadenopathy are rare.
Among all age groups what is the most common cause of simple bacterial conjunctivitis
S. aureus.
Gonococcal conjunctivities
hyper acute purulent discharge. conj. chemises with pseudomembrane, papillary reaction, pre auricular lymphadenopathy, and tender and swollen eyelids. Also evaluate for chlamydial infection.
How is gonorrohea conjunctivitis different than simple bacterial conjunctivitis?
G. has pseudomembrane and pre auricular lymphadenopathy.
Adenoviral conjunctivititis
Include Acute nonspecific follicular conjunctivitis, pharyjgoconjunctival fever, and epidemic keratoconjuntivitis. Most common from upper respiratory tract infections. Highly contagious for 12-14 days.
Acute non-specific follicular conjunctivitis
Most common. Diffuse red eye, follicles and mild discomfort. Mild cold.
Pharyjgoconjunctival Fevere (PCF)
Swimming pool conj. Very contagious. Follicular conj, mild low grade fever, and sore through. Corneal rarely involved.
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Most serous. Pain and corneal involvement occurs. Clinical symptoms occur 8 days after exposure. SPK is common during acute phase and Supepitelial infiltrates are common in the 3rd week when the active portion of the disease has stopped. Pre auricular lymphadenopathy is present and almost always has pseudomembranes.
What is pathognomonic for EKC
Palpable node in patient suspected of adenovirus. Will also has pseudomembranes.
Molluscum Contagiosum
Rare. DNA Pox virus. Umbilicate waxy nodules. If see multiple think HIV.
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Type 1 hypersensitivity (both seasonal and perennial). Chemises, papillae, itching, tearing.
Vernal Keratoconjucntivitis
Very rare and affects males under the age of 10. Occurs 2-10 years before resolving around pubutery. Those predisposed to atopic conditions. Seasonal outbreak with warm month.
Classic signs with Vernal
prominent papillae on limbus (truants dots) or upper conj (cobblestone). Can also have corneal involvement that begin the SPK and eventually coalesce into late erosion with shield ulcers.
Atopic keratoconj. vs. vernal
VKC prominently on conj and cornea. Allergic on outer eyelids and skins.
Atopic Keratoconj.
Common in young to middle age adults with a history of atopic conditions. AKC in not seasonal. Type 1 + 4. Prominent outer eyelids, dennie’s line (extra crease under eyes), and atopy shiners. Papillae are classically more inferiorly. Keratinous more common.
What is interesting about the papillae in Atopic keratconj.
Inferior more common.
Papillae
Occur with allergies, bacteria, and nonspecific reaction. PAPILLAE. is vascular.
Follicues
Lymphocytes. CHAT. Chlamydia, Herpes, Aden, Toxic.
GPC
Contact lens wear. Mechanical trauma and immune response to contact lens deposits. Symptoms more severe when remove lenses.
GPC is characterized by papillae that are ____
> 1 mm for giant papillae by >0.3 mm in GPC
Corneal Neovascularization
Chronic hypoxia. Watch for superior panned.
Corneal neovasculaization are larger than _____ mm
1.5
Corneal warpage
Alteration in corneal shape due to cl.
Superior limbic keratoconjunctibitis
occurs with CL, CL hypersentivitity, and TED. Papillary reaction and corneal filaments are rare when due to CL hypersensitivity to solution vs. TED.
3 and 9 o’clock staining
Most common complication of CL wear. Due to low riding cl.
Complication of low riding cl
3 and 9 staining
complication of high riding cl
corneal warpage
Superior Epithelial Arcuate Lesion (SEAL)
Too tight CL.
Chlamydial Adult Inclusive Conjunctivitis
Rare. D-K. Chronic smoldering. 5-14 days after inoculation. Have acute follicular conj that become chronic. Can persist a year if not treated. Have follicles and inferior palpebral conjunctivitis. Pre auricular lymphadenopathy. Corneal involvement can also occur.
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Acute conj in newborns from any source. Chalmydia is the most common cause
Chlamydial Trachoma Conjunctivitis
Serotype A-C. Trachoma is the leading cause of blindness. Early have follicular conjunctivitis on the superior tarsal conjunctiva, lymphadenopathy, and mild superior pants. late they have arlt line (white scarring of the superior lid) and herberts pits (depression on the Limbal conj after resolving gimbal follicles) Leads to distortion of the lids and ulceration due to trichiasis.
Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis
Common in teenage years and females. Type 4 hypersentivitiy. Tearing foreign body sensation, and itching occurs. Can be located on conj (pink and fleshy and near limbs) or cornea (near limbs and white and fleshy with adjacent conj injection).
What conditions should you ask about with phlyctenual keratoconjunctivitis
TB, Blepharitis, or cane rosacea.
Ligenous Conjunctivitis
Rare. Starts in childhood. Associated with systemic plasminogen deficiency. Thick, white, woody membrane plaques. Plasminogen does the breakdown of fibrin.
Parinaud’s Oculoglandular SYndrome
Cat scratch fever is number one. Tularemia, TB, and Syphilis too. Red eye, foreign body, Unilateral granulomatous follicular palpebral conj with pre auricular and submandibular lymphadenopathy.
Why is Parinaud’s oculoglandar syndrome easy to catch?
It is unilateral granulomatous uveitis and very swollen lymph nodes.
Phthiriasis Palpebrarum
Crab louse on lash. Unilateral or bilateral. Range from mild itching to blurred vision. Mild to severe chronic follicular conjunctivitis and preauriciular lymphadenopathy.
How to tell lice from demodex
Lice on lash. Demodex in lash.
Pterygium/Pinguculum
UV and chronic dryness are number one cause.
Pingueculum
yellow-white deposit adjacent to the limbus
Pterygium
Fibrovascular growth of bulbar conj that extend into the cornea and destroys Bowmans. Lead to WTR astigmatism.
Stocker’s line
Iron deposits on leading edge of ptergyium.
Episcleritis
Normally sectoral. Recurrence is common. Unilateral. Can get with UCRAP or Idiopathic. Mild discomfort.
Scleritis
F>M. Divided into necrotizing and non-necrotizing. Very painful. Thin sclera. Frequently bilateral.
Non-necrotizing
Diffuse: most common. Nodular: deep focal painful injected immobile nodule
Nectortizing with inflammation
Worst kind. Occurs with severe autoimmune disease.
Nectrozing w/o inflammation
Slceromalcia Perforano. Occurs in patients with RA. Complete lack of symptoms.
Scleritis vs. episcleritis
Scleritis is more serious. Episcleritis doesn’t have much pain. Scleritis has a blue hue. Scleritis is bilateral and diffuse. Scleritis is much less common.
How to differ scleritis from epi with phenylephrine
2.5% phenyl will blanch with conj. with episcleritis. 10% will blanch the superficial episcleral vessels (episcleritis less red). Scleritis will still be red.
Axenfeld’s nerve loop
Congenital abnormality where ciliary nerve loops are visible in sclera.
Acute vs. chronic uveitis
Acute is 3 weeks or less. Chronic is greater than 3 weeks.
What do worry about with uveitis
Cataracts, CME, PS, PAS.
Early what will happen with the IOP
decreased
What else can you have in uveiis
hypopyon, keratin precipitates.
What suggests granulmoatous
Mutton fat KPs and iris stroll nodules
Mutton Fat Kps
collection of macrophages and look greasy
Koeppe Nodules
WBC at pupillary margins. Granulomatous and non
Buscacca nodules
WBC within any part of stroma. Granulomatous.
Common Cause of granulomatous uveitis
Sarcoid, TB, Rarely sphyllis
Common cause of non-granulomatous uveitis
idiopathic, UCRAP.
Cyclic Membranes
Can be present in chronic uveitis. Fibrovascular membranes that extend into the ciliary body into the posterior chamber and involve lens
Common cause of posterior uveitis
toxo. Unlit.
Interstitial keratitis
stromal inflammation without primary involvement of the epithelium or endo. Get neo in stroma. Can get ghosting in late.
Causes of IK
syphyllis, tuberculosis, herpes simplex (SHiT)
Congenital trid
hutingtons teeth, deafness, IK.
Pars planitis
chronic intermediate uveitis characterizes by inflammation over the pars plans (snow banking). Not associated with systemic conditions.
Does posterior uveitis have to have WBC?
NO.
Most common cause of posterior uveitis
Toxo
If mother gets pregnant after infected by toxo will baby be infected?
NO
Toxo presentation
Will commonly have one chorioretinitiis scare with overlying vitritis. Headlights in fog.
Histo presentation
Fungal infection. Choroiditis with no vitritis. Multifocal punched out lesions in periphery, peripapillary maculopathy. NO VITRIFIES.
Stellate KP’s
Fuch’s heterochromic iritis and hepetic uveitis
Sarcoidoisis
Granulomatous uveitis. Diffuse vitiates with retinal vasculitis (cotton ball droppings)
Cytomegalovirus
Ocular infection in HIV. White patches of necrotic retina with hemorrhagic retinitis and vascular sheathing.
CMV vs. toxo
CMV has less vitirits and more intravitral hemorrhage.
SE of Sarcoidosis
dacryadentisis, DED, Bells, vasculitis and vitritis, and ON disease.
Coloboma
Most often IN. Failure of embryonic tissue to close.
Where do iris malignancy occur?
Melanocytes in the strma
Dellen
Dehydrated stroma. Due to elevated tissue next to it.
Filamentous Keratopathy
Mucus and epithelial cells. Caused by prolonged inflammation and DED>
SPK
BAK causes. Non specific inflammation of he cornea. Basically everything causes
Pathophysiology behind SPK
With the epi pump the K senses when 78% water is not in stroma. The Na is pumped out, K to the A, and Cl with water out. Loss of much of K can lead to cell death and SPK.
Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratopathy
20 year old with FB sensation but quiet eye. Have bilateral central opacities that look like bread crumbs and are intraepithelial and raised (also with Herpes). May be viral. Attacks and resolutions. Lasts for 10-20 years.
Neurotrophic keratatitis
Damage to V1. Big ulcer with no pain. V1 is not telling epithelium to regenerate.
RCE
Due to past abrasion or EBMD. Pain worse upon waking up.
Thermal keratopathay
SPK 6-12 hours after exposure to Vitamin C (less than 300). Affects epithelium and bowman.
Most common type of DED
Evaporative intrinsic
Aqueous deficiency dry eye
Sjogrens or non-sjogrens.
Sjogrens
Can be primary or secondary (triad)