occupational health Flashcards
according to WHO, occupational health is to promote and maintain the highest degree of ____, ____ and ____ well being of workers of all occupations.
physical
mental
social
occupational health is to prevent workers from ______ due to health caused by their working conditions
departures/ leaving their jobs
occupational health protect workers in their working environment from _____and _____ usually causing adverse health effects
hazards
risks
occupational health place and maintain a worker in an occupational environment to his/ her ______
physiological ability
define
hazard -
risk -
hazard - source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work
risk - chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to hazard
briefly explain the workplace hazards
SAFETY HAZARDS
harm to the workers, an immediate and violent nature = injure workers (broken bones, cuts, bruises, sprains)
associated w poorly guarded or dangerous equipment and machinery
HEALTH HAZARDS
result in an illness
exposure to dangerous subs, chemicals, gases, noise, dust
true or false:
safety hazard is usually often between exposure and disease
false - health hazard
(frequent delay in time btwn when someone is exposed)
define worker’s susceptibility (examples)
worker’s increased risk to develop health probs
(age
race
gender
lifestyle
genetic factors
medical history)
workplace factors to consider the work-related disease
[PTMMD]
physical properties
timing of exposure
multiplicity of exposure (multiple)
magnitude of exposure
duration of exposure
chemical hazards
- route of entry into the body:
- route of excretion:
- route of entry into the body:
inhalation
ingestion
skin contact - route of excretion:
gastro-intestinal (faeces)
renal (urine)
respiratory (exhalation)
skin (sweat, hair, nails)
it is the indication of little toxicity of a given substance/ type of radiation/ chemicals
lethal dose
lethal dose is aka
median little dose
it is the point at which toxicity first appear
threshold
when does threshold occur
at the point where the body’s ability to detoxify or repair toxic injury has been exceeded
what happens if the threshold exceeds from the given substances of chemicals/ radiations
disease/ illness
what is the threshold of our body for chemical hazards
at 10 only
what happens if threshold exceeds more than 10
specific injury
toxicity that affect diff organs
briefly explain the types of concentration of toxic substances
TLV - threshold limit value:
safe average exposure limit over a typical work shift/ week for long-term exposures
MAC - maximal allowable concentration:
absolute max. peak lvl that shld never be exceeded at any time
it is the average conc. of an airborne subs to which most workers could be safely exposed over an 8 hr working day ot 40 hr working week throughout a working lifetime
threshold limit value TLV
it is the peak or max. conc of an airborne to which most workers could be safely exposed
maximal allowable concentration MAC
classification of toxic effects
chronic toxicity:
cumulative damage to specific organ system, occurs many months or years to hv recognizable clinical disease
acute toxicity:
occurs almost immediately after an exposure (hrs/days)
local toxicity:
occurs at site of chemical contact
systemic toxicity:
occurs distant from point of contact, may involve many organ systems
what chemical that must be avoided at all cost and why
carcinogenic chemicals
lead to cancer
what are the health effects
renal diseases
respiratory diseases
skin diseases
hematologic diseases
cardiovascular diseases
neurological diseases
carcinogenic
teratogenic
physical hazards
noise
vibration
extreme temp
illumination
radiation
briefly explain the types of noise-induced hearing loss
temporary threshold shift (auditory fatigue):
temporary loss after exposure to loud noise
recovery within 16-48 hours
permanent threshold shift:
irreversible loss of hearing
early signs of hearing loss
Difficulty in understanding spoken words in noisy environments
Need to be near or look at the person speaking to help understand words
Familiar sounds are muffled
Complaints that ppl dont speak clearly
Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)
what are the other harmful effect effects of noise
hypertension
- as it increases high blood pressure, heart rate
hyperacidity
- contractility of the stomach/ stomach acids
palpitations
disturbs relaxation and sleep
a physical factor which affects man by transmission of mechanical energy from oscillating sources
vibration
what are the types of vibration
segmental vibration
-HAVS: hand arm vibration syndrome
-Tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers pain
whole body vibration
- fatigue
- irritability
- headache
- disorders of the spine
sources of heat stress and cold enviro
heat stress :
natural conditions
hot work processes related to furnaces, kilns, boilers and smelting
cold enviro:
ice plants and freezers in food industry
health effects of heat stress and cold enviro
heat stress:
prickly temp (miliaria rubia)
heat cramps
heat exhaustion
heat stroke
cold enviro:
frostbite (common)
reddening of skin
localized burning pain
numbness (toes, cheeks, nose, fingers, ears)
trench foot or immersion foot
what are the recommended illumination levels
cutting cloth/ fine machining-
transcribing handwriting/ drafting-
welding/ first aid station-
lunch room/ rest room-
cutting cloth/ fine machining- more than 2000
transcribing handwriting/ drafting- 1000
welding/ first aid station- 500
lunch room/ rest room- 300
units, Min Lighting Level = (lux)
amt of light needed to see clearly
health effects of inadequate illumination
Visual fatigue
Double vision
Headaches
Painful irritation
Lacrimation
Conjunctivitis
source of radiation
x-rays
microwave
power frequency
it is an electromagnetic spectrum
radiation
types of radiation - sources (health effects)
ionizing - xrays and gamma rays (cancer, congenital defects, death)
non-ionizing - ultraviolet, infrared, laser (skin redness, skin cancer, retinal injury, skin and eye probs)
what are the 4 biological hazards
bacteria
fungi
parasites
viruses
possible cause of HIV and AIDS
needle pricking or improper handing of blood
what causes AIDS
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
it is a serious and usually fatal condition in which the body’s immune system is severely weakened and cannot fight off infection
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
body fluids with high viral load
Blood
Semen
Vaginal and cervical mucus
Breastmilk
Amniotic fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
HIV/ AIDS mode of transmission
unprotected penetrative sex (semen, blood, vaginal secretions)
blood transfusion on infeccted blood and blood products
sharing needles among I.V users
breastfeeding
what bacteria causes tuberculosis
mycobacterium
tuberculosis mode of transmission and its symptoms
droplet nuclei release when sneezing or coughing
symptoms:
Weight loss, low grade afternoon fever, persistent cough and sometimes, blood-streaked expectoration or hemoptysis
what is one combating system for tuberculosis and how many are cured
DOTS strategy
90% cure rate
human biological sci + engineering sci =
max. Satisfaction and increase productivity
what is the goal of ergonomic hazards
reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) developed by workers
they are injuries and illnesses that affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints or spinal discs
MSD: musculoskeletal disorders
common symptoms of MSDs
Painful joints
Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists, forearms, shoulders, knees and feet
Shooting or stabbing pains
Swelling or inflammation
Fingers or toes turning white
Back or neck pain
Stiffness
risk factor of ergonomics
Static posture
Forceful exertion
Repetitive movement
Extreme range of motion
Awkward posture
it is the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job that do not match the capabilities, resources or need of the worker.
stress
effects of stress
Brain and nerves
Skin
Muscles and Joint
Reproductive system
Stomach4
Heart
Intestines
Immune system
Pancreas
manifestation of stress
psychological:
Fatigue
Anxiety
Tension
Irritability
Depression
Boredom
Inability to concentrate
Low esteem
physiological:
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Indigestion
behavorial:
Drug use
Alcohol intake
Heavy smoking
Impulsive emotional behaviour
Poor work and family relationship
Social isolation
Family abandonment
Sleep problems
health promotion:
immunization
OSHS, Rule 1960
occupational safety and health standards
- require certain vaccination to protect employees from illness related due to their jobs
health promotion:
smoking cessation
RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
- regulates smoking in public including workplace to protect ppl from secondhand smoke
health promotion:
HIV/ AIDS
RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998
- prohibits discrimination
health promotion: drug abuse prevention and control
RA 9165 Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002
- prevent and control the abuse of illegal drugs
Department Order No. 53-03: Guidelines for the Implementation of a Drug-Free Workplace Policy and Program for the Private Sector
health promotion:
tuberculosis prevention and control
Executive Order No. 187, Instituting a Comprehensive and Unified Policy for Tuberculosis Control in the Ph (CUP-March 2003)
-control the spread of TB
Department Order No. 73-05: Guidelines for the Implementation of Policy and Program on Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in the Workplace
- implement prevention and control measures like screening, treatment and edu programs
benefits to the workers of health promotion
Enhanced worker motivation and job satisfaction
Added problem-solving capacity
Greater acceptance of change
Greater knowledge of work and organization
Reduces the extent and severity of work related injuries and illness
Improve employee morale and productivity
Reduces worker’s compensation costs
