community and public health for mls (week 3)

Question 1

define epidemiology

Answer 1

it is the study of distribution (frequency and pattern) and determinants (cause and risk of disease)
of health related states/ events (not js disease)
in specified population and application of thi study to control health problems

Question 2

application of epidemiology

Answer 2

Discover the agent, host and enviro factors
Determine the relative importance of cause, illness, disability and death
Identify these segments of population that have the greatest risk from specific cause of ill health
Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health

Question 3

epidemiological study types

Answer 3

experimental and observational (analytic and descriptive)

Question 4

the difference between experimental study and observational study

Answer 4

1. experimental is randomized while observational is not randomized and non-experimental
2. the popu in experimental study is randomly allocated whil the popu in observational is not randomly allocated

• randomized
• randomly allocated

Question 5

question type in descriptive epidemiology and analytic epidemiology

Answer 5

descriptive - where, when, who (was the population affected)
analytic - why, how (was the popu affected)

Question 6

what are your levels of disease

Answer 6

epidemic
endemic
panndemic

Question 7

identify the levels of disease: (give examples)
Increase in no. of cases of a disease abv what is normally expected in that popu in tht area

Answer 7

epidemic (fr ex: small pox, swine flu)

Question 8

identify the levels of disease: (give examples)
Disease or condition present among a popu at all times

Answer 8

endemic (dengue, malaria, syphilis)

Question 9

identify the levels of disease:
An endemic that has spread over several countries or continent

Answer 9

pandemic (covid 19, HIV)

Question 10

identify the classification of disease:
direct effect of a pathogen

Answer 10

infectious disease

Question 11

identify the classification of disease:
transmitted frm animals to humans

Answer 11

zoonotic disease

Question 12

identify the classification of disease:
disease that are contracts as the result of a medical procedure

Answer 12

iatrogenic disease

Question 13

identify the classification of disease:
disease acquired in hospital setting

Answer 13

nosocomial disease

Question 14

identify the classification of disease:
not spread from one person to another. Caused by genetics, enviro or immune system dysfunction

Answer 14

non-communicable infectious disease

Question 15

briefly explain the interventions to break the chain of infection

Answer 15

Increasing host’s defense
- immunization (vaccination)
- adequate sleep and nutrition

Protecting the portal of entry
- PPE
- hand washing
handle needles and sharps safely
- avoid sharing items that could cause cuts

Eliminating/ controlling the agent at a source of transmission (REF)
- food safety
- environment cleaning and disinfection
- respiratory etiquette

Question 16

what are the epidemiologic triad

Answer 16

agent
host
environment

Question 17

disease transmission under either circumstances the carrier state may be of ____ or _____ duration

Answer 17

short or long

Question 18

disease transmission:
this carrier may exist in an individul with an infection that is _____ throughout its course or during the i____, ____and ____of an indiv with a clinically recognizable disease

Answer 18

inapparent
incubation period
convalescent
postconvalescent

Question 19

person or animal that harbours a specific infectious agent w/o discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection

Answer 19

disease transmission

Question 20

identify the common term in epidemiology:
disease are those which the pathogen agent has the capability to enter, survive and multiply in the host

Answer 20

infective

Question 21

identify the common term in epidemiology:
the capacity and strengthen of the disease to produce serve and fatal causes of illness

Answer 21

virulence

Question 22

identify the common term in epidemiology:
the factors contributing to the source of or causation of a disease

Answer 22

etiology
toxins
holoendemic

Question 23

identify the common term in epidemiology:
a substance that produced by a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill other microorganisms

Answer 23

antibiotics

Question 24

identify the common term in epidemiology:
persistent level of activity beyond or above the expected prevalence

Answer 24

hyperendemic

Question 25

explain the similarities and difference of holoendemic and hyperendemic

Answer 25

similarities: both have persistent level of high level of disease transmission difference: holoendemic - focused across the entire population hyperendemic - focused at a geographical area

Question 26

it is defined as the proportion of people who are unaffected at the beginning of a study period but who experience a risk event during the study period

Answer 26

risk

Question 27

explain the difference between the morbidity measures

Answer 27

prevalence: (new and old cases) - measure the BURDEN of the disease incidence: (new only) - measure the RISK of the disease

Question 28

identify the morbidity measures: it is the no of person in a defined population who have specified disease or condition at a given time

Answer 28

prevalence

Question 29

what is the difference between the cross sectional, cohort and case control of the direction

Answer 29

cross sectional: n/a cohort: prospective - means start from exposure to outcome (present to future) case control: retrospective - means from past to present

Question 30

what is the difference between point and period prevalence

Answer 30

point measures at a particular point of time while period measure at an interval of time Point prevalence is disease prevalence AT one moment/date. Period prevalence is disease prevalence OVER a period of time.

Question 31

what are the 2 types of prevalence and incidence

Answer 31

prevalence - point prevalence -period prevalence incidence - incidence proportion - incidence density

Question 32

identify the morbidity measures: it identifies how fast a particular disease develops during a period of time

Answer 32

incidence

Question 33

incidence proportion is aka ____ incidence density is aka _____

Answer 33

cumulative incidence incidence rate

Question 34

explain the difference between close and open cohort

Answer 34

close cohort - cannot enter new case study open cohort - can enter new case study

Question 35

association or causation: identifiable relationship between the exposure and the disease

Answer 35

association

Question 36

association or causation: presence of mechanism that leads from exposure to disease

Answer 36

causation

Question 37

it measures the association that quantifies the r/s btwn an exposure with 2 categories and health outcomes

Answer 37

odds ratio

Question 38

tools that are designed to objectively measure relevant info on diff attributes of health status and performance of a health system

Answer 38

health indicators

Question 39

health indicators ____ the health population and reduces ____ and preventable ____

Answer 39

improve unjust inequalities

Question 40

explain the positive and negative indicators

Answer 40

positive indicator - most r healthy and strong popu negative indicator - high morbidity and mortality rate

Question 41

use of health indicators

Answer 41

Forecast/ prognosis Explanation Description System management and quality environment

Question 42

what are the behavioral risk factors indicators

Answer 42

prevalence of current adult smoker prevalence of insufficient physical activity prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption

Question 43

no microorganisms =

Answer 43

means non communicable diease

Question 44

it is the first link of chain of transmission

Answer 44

infectious (causative) agent

Question 45

examples of microorganism or pathogen

Answer 45

Bacteria Fungi Virus Parasites

Question 46

examples of human reservoir

Answer 46

blood parts of the body

Question 47

true or false: human and animal reservoirs may or may not appear always to be sick but still capable of transmitting the pathogen to others

Answer 47

true

Question 48

examples of habitat (reservoir)

Answer 48

human reservoir animals environment

Question 49

portal of exit usually corresponds to the site of where the pathogen is localized are ...

Answer 49

sneezing coughing crossing the placenta cuts or skin punctures

Question 50

explain the different type of modes of transmission

Answer 50

> direct - direct contact - droplet spread > indirect - airborne - vehicle borne (food, water, blood products) - vector borne (mosquitoes, flies, ticks )

Question 51

droplet spread can spread up to _____ meters

Answer 51

2 meters

Question 52

what are the different types of vector bone

Answer 52

biological vector mechanical vector biological vectors play an active biological role while mechanical vectors just provide transportation.

Question 53

vehicle borne provide an environment in which ...

Answer 53

grow and multiply

Question 54

what is the difference between direct and indirect transmission

Answer 54

direct contact transmission - physical contact (human to human interaction) Indirect contact transmission - no physical contact

Question 55

examples of portal entry

Answer 55

mouth skin eyes

Question 56

final link in the chain of infection in a susceptible host

Answer 56

host

Question 57

what are some host characteristics that may affect increase risk of human disease

Answer 57

Race Religion Immune status Genetics Sex Occupation Age

Question 58

what is the difference between point prevalence and period prevalence

Answer 58

point: at one date (june 1st 2022) period: over a period of time (month, year, week)

Question 59

it is the control exposure and outcome through randomization

Answer 59

experimental study

Question 60

in the epidemiological study types, briefly explain what is the difference between exposed and not exposed

Answer 60

exposed: have medicines, vaccines, health programs (For example, the group given the new experimental cholesterol medicine. Or children receiving the actual measles vaccine rather than a placebo.) not exposed: placebo group (For example, a sugar pill that looks the same as the drug tablet. Or a saline injection that resembles a vaccine but has no antigen.)

Question 61

this describes the nature of disease

Answer 61

descriptive

Question 62

it tests the hypothesis for case control

Answer 62

analytic

Question 63

briefly explain the difference between cross sectional: cohort: case control:

Answer 63

cross sectional: measures the exposure and outcome cohort: starts from exposure to outcome case control: past going to present

Question 64

it established exposure and the risk causing the disease

Answer 64

temporal relationship