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2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LEC) > community and public health for mls (week 3) > Flashcards

community and public health for mls (week 3) Flashcards

1
Q

define epidemiology

A

it is the study of distribution (frequency and pattern) and determinants (cause and risk of disease)
of health related states/ events (not js disease)
in specified population and application of thi study to control health problems

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2
Q

application of epidemiology

A

Discover the agent, host and enviro factors
Determine the relative importance of cause, illness, disability and death
Identify these segments of population that have the greatest risk from specific cause of ill health
Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health

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3
Q

epidemiological study types

A

experimental and observational (analytic and descriptive)

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4
Q

the difference between experimental study and observational study

A
  1. experimental is randomized while observational is not randomized and non-experimental
  2. the popu in experimental study is randomly allocated whil the popu in observational is not randomly allocated
  • randomized
  • randomly allocated
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5
Q

question type in descriptive epidemiology and analytic epidemiology

A

descriptive - where, when, who (was the population affected)
analytic - why, how (was the popu affected)

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6
Q

what are your levels of disease

A

epidemic
endemic
panndemic

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7
Q

identify the levels of disease: (give examples)
Increase in no. of cases of a disease abv what is normally expected in that popu in tht area

A

epidemic (fr ex: small pox, swine flu)

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8
Q

identify the levels of disease: (give examples)
Disease or condition present among a popu at all times

A

endemic (dengue, malaria, syphilis)

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9
Q

identify the levels of disease:
An endemic that has spread over several countries or continent

A

pandemic (covid 19, HIV)

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10
Q

identify the classification of disease:
direct effect of a pathogen

A

infectious disease

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11
Q

identify the classification of disease:
transmitted frm animals to humans

A

zoonotic disease

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12
Q

identify the classification of disease:
disease that are contracts as the result of a medical procedure

A

iatrogenic disease

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13
Q

identify the classification of disease:
disease acquired in hospital setting

A

nosocomial disease

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14
Q

identify the classification of disease:
not spread from one person to another. Caused by genetics, enviro or immune system dysfunction

A

non-communicable infectious disease

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15
Q

briefly explain the interventions to break the chain of infection

A

Increasing host’s defense
- immunization (vaccination)
- adequate sleep and nutrition

Protecting the portal of entry
- PPE
- hand washing
handle needles and sharps safely
- avoid sharing items that could cause cuts

Eliminating/ controlling the agent at a source of transmission (REF)
- food safety
- environment cleaning and disinfection
- respiratory etiquette

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16
Q

what are the epidemiologic triad

A

agent
host
environment

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17
Q

disease transmission under either circumstances the carrier state may be of ____ or _____ duration

A

short or long

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18
Q

disease transmission:
this carrier may exist in an individul with an infection that is _____ throughout its course or during the i____, ____and ____of an indiv with a clinically recognizable disease

A

inapparent
incubation period
convalescent
postconvalescent

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19
Q

person or animal that harbours a specific infectious agent w/o discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection

A

disease transmission

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20
Q

identify the common term in epidemiology:
disease are those which the pathogen agent has the capability to enter, survive and multiply in the host

A

infective

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21
Q

identify the common term in epidemiology:
the capacity and strengthen of the disease to produce serve and fatal causes of illness

A

virulence

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22
Q

identify the common term in epidemiology:
the factors contributing to the source of or causation of a disease

A

etiology
toxins
holoendemic

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23
Q

identify the common term in epidemiology:
a substance that produced by a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill other microorganisms

A

antibiotics

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24
Q

identify the common term in epidemiology:
persistent level of activity beyond or above the expected prevalence

A

hyperendemic

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25
Q

explain the similarities and difference of holoendemic and hyperendemic

A

similarities: both have persistent level of high level of disease transmission

difference:
holoendemic - focused across the entire population
hyperendemic - focused at a geographical area

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26
Q

it is defined as the proportion of people who are unaffected at the beginning of a study period but who experience a risk event during the study period

A

risk

27
Q

explain the difference between the morbidity measures

A

prevalence: (new and old cases)
- measure the BURDEN of the disease

incidence: (new only)
- measure the RISK of the disease

28
Q

identify the morbidity measures:
it is the no of person in a defined population who have specified disease or condition at a given time

A

prevalence

29
Q

what is the difference between the cross sectional, cohort and case control of the direction

A

cross sectional: n/a
cohort: prospective - means start from exposure to outcome (present to future)
case control: retrospective - means from past to present

30
Q

what is the difference between point and period prevalence

A

point measures at a particular point of time while period measure at an interval of time
Point prevalence is disease prevalence AT one moment/date.
Period prevalence is disease prevalence OVER a period of time.

31
Q

what are the 2 types of prevalence and incidence

A

prevalence
- point prevalence
-period prevalence
incidence
- incidence proportion
- incidence density

32
Q

identify the morbidity measures:
it identifies how fast a particular disease develops during a period of time

A

incidence

33
Q

incidence proportion is aka ____
incidence density is aka _____

A

cumulative incidence
incidence rate

34
Q

explain the difference between close and open cohort

A

close cohort - cannot enter new case study
open cohort - can enter new case study

35
Q

association or causation:
identifiable relationship between the exposure and the disease

A

association

36
Q

association or causation:
presence of mechanism that leads from exposure to disease

A

causation

37
Q

it measures the association that quantifies the r/s btwn an exposure with 2 categories and health outcomes

A

odds ratio

38
Q

tools that are designed to objectively measure relevant info on diff attributes of health status and performance of a health system

A

health indicators

39
Q

health indicators ____ the health population and reduces ____ and preventable ____

A

improve
unjust
inequalities

40
Q

explain the positive and negative indicators

A

positive indicator - most r healthy and strong popu
negative indicator - high morbidity and mortality rate

41
Q

use of health indicators

A

Forecast/ prognosis
Explanation
Description
System management and quality environment

42
Q

what are the behavioral risk factors indicators

A

prevalence of current adult smoker
prevalence of insufficient physical activity
prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption

43
Q

no microorganisms =

A

means non communicable diease

44
Q

it is the first link of chain of transmission

A

infectious (causative) agent

45
Q

examples of microorganism or pathogen

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Virus
Parasites

46
Q

examples of human reservoir

A

blood
parts of the body

47
Q

true or false:
human and animal reservoirs may or may not appear always to be sick but still capable of transmitting the pathogen to others

A

true

48
Q

examples of habitat (reservoir)

A

human reservoir
animals
environment

49
Q

portal of exit usually corresponds to the site of where the pathogen is localized are …

A

sneezing
coughing
crossing the placenta
cuts or skin punctures

50
Q

explain the different type of modes of transmission

A

> direct
- direct contact
- droplet spread
indirect
- airborne
- vehicle borne (food, water, blood products)
- vector borne (mosquitoes, flies, ticks )

51
Q

droplet spread can spread up to _____ meters

A

2 meters

52
Q

what are the different types of vector bone

A

biological vector
mechanical vector
biological vectors play an active biological role while mechanical vectors just provide transportation.

53
Q

vehicle borne provide an environment in which …

A

grow and multiply

54
Q

what is the difference between direct and indirect transmission

A

direct contact transmission - physical contact (human to human interaction)
Indirect contact transmission - no physical contact

55
Q

examples of portal entry

A

mouth
skin
eyes

56
Q

final link in the chain of infection in a susceptible host

A

host

57
Q

what are some host characteristics that may affect increase risk of human disease

A

Race
Religion
Immune status
Genetics
Sex
Occupation
Age

58
Q

what is the difference between point prevalence and period prevalence

A

point: at one date (june 1st 2022)
period: over a period of time (month, year, week)

59
Q

it is the control exposure and outcome through randomization

A

experimental study

60
Q

in the epidemiological study types, briefly explain what is the difference between exposed and not exposed

A

exposed: have medicines, vaccines, health programs
(For example, the group given the new experimental cholesterol medicine. Or children receiving the actual measles vaccine rather than a placebo.)

not exposed: placebo group
(For example, a sugar pill that looks the same as the drug tablet. Or a saline injection that resembles a vaccine but has no antigen.)

61
Q

this describes the nature of disease

A

descriptive

62
Q

it tests the hypothesis for case control

A

analytic

63
Q

briefly explain the difference between
cross sectional:
cohort:
case control:

A

cross sectional: measures the exposure and outcome
cohort: starts from exposure to outcome
case control: past going to present

64
Q

it established exposure and the risk causing the disease

A

temporal relationship

2024 SEM 2 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (LEC) (10 decks)

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