community and public health for mls (week 3) Flashcards
define epidemiology
it is the study of distribution (frequency and pattern) and determinants (cause and risk of disease)
of health related states/ events (not js disease)
in specified population and application of thi study to control health problems
application of epidemiology
Discover the agent, host and enviro factors
Determine the relative importance of cause, illness, disability and death
Identify these segments of population that have the greatest risk from specific cause of ill health
Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health
epidemiological study types
experimental and observational (analytic and descriptive)
the difference between experimental study and observational study
- experimental is randomized while observational is not randomized and non-experimental
- the popu in experimental study is randomly allocated whil the popu in observational is not randomly allocated
- randomized
- randomly allocated
question type in descriptive epidemiology and analytic epidemiology
descriptive - where, when, who (was the population affected)
analytic - why, how (was the popu affected)
what are your levels of disease
epidemic
endemic
panndemic
identify the levels of disease: (give examples)
Increase in no. of cases of a disease abv what is normally expected in that popu in tht area
epidemic (fr ex: small pox, swine flu)
identify the levels of disease: (give examples)
Disease or condition present among a popu at all times
endemic (dengue, malaria, syphilis)
identify the levels of disease:
An endemic that has spread over several countries or continent
pandemic (covid 19, HIV)
identify the classification of disease:
direct effect of a pathogen
infectious disease
identify the classification of disease:
transmitted frm animals to humans
zoonotic disease
identify the classification of disease:
disease that are contracts as the result of a medical procedure
iatrogenic disease
identify the classification of disease:
disease acquired in hospital setting
nosocomial disease
identify the classification of disease:
not spread from one person to another. Caused by genetics, enviro or immune system dysfunction
non-communicable infectious disease
briefly explain the interventions to break the chain of infection
Increasing host’s defense
- immunization (vaccination)
- adequate sleep and nutrition
Protecting the portal of entry
- PPE
- hand washing
handle needles and sharps safely
- avoid sharing items that could cause cuts
Eliminating/ controlling the agent at a source of transmission (REF)
- food safety
- environment cleaning and disinfection
- respiratory etiquette
what are the epidemiologic triad
agent
host
environment
disease transmission under either circumstances the carrier state may be of ____ or _____ duration
short or long
disease transmission:
this carrier may exist in an individul with an infection that is _____ throughout its course or during the i____, ____and ____of an indiv with a clinically recognizable disease
inapparent
incubation period
convalescent
postconvalescent
person or animal that harbours a specific infectious agent w/o discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection
disease transmission
identify the common term in epidemiology:
disease are those which the pathogen agent has the capability to enter, survive and multiply in the host
infective
identify the common term in epidemiology:
the capacity and strengthen of the disease to produce serve and fatal causes of illness
virulence
identify the common term in epidemiology:
the factors contributing to the source of or causation of a disease
etiology
toxins
holoendemic
identify the common term in epidemiology:
a substance that produced by a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill other microorganisms
antibiotics
identify the common term in epidemiology:
persistent level of activity beyond or above the expected prevalence
hyperendemic
explain the similarities and difference of holoendemic and hyperendemic
similarities: both have persistent level of high level of disease transmission
difference:
holoendemic - focused across the entire population
hyperendemic - focused at a geographical area
it is defined as the proportion of people who are unaffected at the beginning of a study period but who experience a risk event during the study period
risk
explain the difference between the morbidity measures
prevalence: (new and old cases)
- measure the BURDEN of the disease
incidence: (new only)
- measure the RISK of the disease
identify the morbidity measures:
it is the no of person in a defined population who have specified disease or condition at a given time
prevalence
what is the difference between the cross sectional, cohort and case control of the direction
cross sectional: n/a
cohort: prospective - means start from exposure to outcome (present to future)
case control: retrospective - means from past to present
what is the difference between point and period prevalence
point measures at a particular point of time while period measure at an interval of time
Point prevalence is disease prevalence AT one moment/date.
Period prevalence is disease prevalence OVER a period of time.
what are the 2 types of prevalence and incidence
prevalence
- point prevalence
-period prevalence
incidence
- incidence proportion
- incidence density
identify the morbidity measures:
it identifies how fast a particular disease develops during a period of time
incidence
incidence proportion is aka ____
incidence density is aka _____
cumulative incidence
incidence rate
explain the difference between close and open cohort
close cohort - cannot enter new case study
open cohort - can enter new case study
association or causation:
identifiable relationship between the exposure and the disease
association
association or causation:
presence of mechanism that leads from exposure to disease
causation
it measures the association that quantifies the r/s btwn an exposure with 2 categories and health outcomes
odds ratio
tools that are designed to objectively measure relevant info on diff attributes of health status and performance of a health system
health indicators
health indicators ____ the health population and reduces ____ and preventable ____
improve
unjust
inequalities
explain the positive and negative indicators
positive indicator - most r healthy and strong popu
negative indicator - high morbidity and mortality rate
use of health indicators
Forecast/ prognosis
Explanation
Description
System management and quality environment
what are the behavioral risk factors indicators
prevalence of current adult smoker
prevalence of insufficient physical activity
prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption
no microorganisms =
means non communicable diease
it is the first link of chain of transmission
infectious (causative) agent
examples of microorganism or pathogen
Bacteria
Fungi
Virus
Parasites
examples of human reservoir
blood
parts of the body
true or false:
human and animal reservoirs may or may not appear always to be sick but still capable of transmitting the pathogen to others
true
examples of habitat (reservoir)
human reservoir
animals
environment
portal of exit usually corresponds to the site of where the pathogen is localized are …
sneezing
coughing
crossing the placenta
cuts or skin punctures
explain the different type of modes of transmission
> direct
- direct contact
- droplet spread
indirect
- airborne
- vehicle borne (food, water, blood products)
- vector borne (mosquitoes, flies, ticks )
droplet spread can spread up to _____ meters
2 meters
what are the different types of vector bone
biological vector
mechanical vector
biological vectors play an active biological role while mechanical vectors just provide transportation.
vehicle borne provide an environment in which …
grow and multiply
what is the difference between direct and indirect transmission
direct contact transmission - physical contact (human to human interaction)
Indirect contact transmission - no physical contact
examples of portal entry
mouth
skin
eyes
final link in the chain of infection in a susceptible host
host
what are some host characteristics that may affect increase risk of human disease
Race
Religion
Immune status
Genetics
Sex
Occupation
Age
what is the difference between point prevalence and period prevalence
point: at one date (june 1st 2022)
period: over a period of time (month, year, week)
it is the control exposure and outcome through randomization
experimental study
in the epidemiological study types, briefly explain what is the difference between exposed and not exposed
exposed: have medicines, vaccines, health programs
(For example, the group given the new experimental cholesterol medicine. Or children receiving the actual measles vaccine rather than a placebo.)
not exposed: placebo group
(For example, a sugar pill that looks the same as the drug tablet. Or a saline injection that resembles a vaccine but has no antigen.)
this describes the nature of disease
descriptive
it tests the hypothesis for case control
analytic
briefly explain the difference between
cross sectional:
cohort:
case control:
cross sectional: measures the exposure and outcome
cohort: starts from exposure to outcome
case control: past going to present
it established exposure and the risk causing the disease
temporal relationship
