community and public health for mls (week 4) Flashcards
what is the difference between non-communicable disease vs communicable disease regarding infectiousness and risk of disease
non-communicable disease - not infectious. cannot spread from one person to another. risk factors r genetics, lifestyle choices and environmental exposures.
communicable disease - infectious and can spread. put entire population at risk.
An infectious disease transmissible by direct contact with an affected individual or the individual’s discharges or by indirect means
communicable disease
it is chronic mental illness
non communicable disease
non communicable disease:
injuries which may be followed by ____ and ____
prolonged convalescence (a longer than normal recovery period after illness)
impaired functions (when parts of the body cannot work properly due to disease/ injury)
every how many seconds does a person dies prematurely from a NCD
2 seconds
____ of pre mature deathes occur in low- and middle income countries
85%
low- and middle- income countries are estimated to surpass ______ per year in economic losses due to NCDs
500 billion
Every dollar invested in proven NCD intervention in low- and lower middle-income countries will generate at least ____ in increase economic development of reduced health care system
7 dollars
types of non communicable disease
cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease & stroke)
cancer
chronic lung disease
chronic neurologic disorders (Alzheimer’s & dementias)
arthritis/ musculoskeletal disease
diabetes
characteristics of NCDs
functional origin/ disability
incurability
insidious onset
multiple risk factors
prolonged course of illness
complex etiology
long latency period
non-contagious origin
risk factor is defined as:
an aspect of ____ or ____, an ____ or ____ that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease, injury or other health condition
personal behavior
lifestyle
environmental exposure
heredity characteristics
what is the difference between modifiable risk factor and non-modifiable risk factor
modifiable risk factor: can be reduced or controlled by intervention
non-modifiable risk factor: cannot “”
what are the 4 modifiable risk factor that WHO has prioritized
physical inactivity
unhealthy diets
tobacco use
alcohol use
what are some non-modifiable risk factor
age
gender
race
family history (genetics)
what are the common risk factor in
cardio vascular:
diabetes:
cancer:
chronic respiratory:
cardio vascular + diabetes + cancer: all the modifiable risk factor
chronic respiratory: tobacco use only
what are the leading cause of death
cardiovascular disease
chronic respiratory disease
cancer
diabetes
diabetes mellitus is a grp of _____ characterized by ______ resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both
metabolic disease
hyperglycemia
it is the increase of blood glucose level
diabetes mellitus
diabetes mellitus can develop
cardiovascular disease
retinopathy
amputation
nephropathy
what are the 4 diagnosis for diabetes mellitus
HbA1c
fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126mg/dl
an OGTT with a 2hr postload level greater than or equal to 200mg/dl
symptoms of diabetes plus a random plasma glucose level greater than or equal to 200mg/dl
type 1 diabetes is also known as
juvenile diabetes
inappropriate hyperglycemia primarily a result of pancreatic islet β-cell destruction and a tendency to ketoacidosis.
type 1 diabetes
type 1 diabetes can develops in any age but first in___ and ___
Children and young adult
type 1 diabetes is the deficient in insulin production by _____. produce _____ to_____ insulin
the pancreas
little
none
characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of an individual’s resistance to insulin with an insulin secretory defect
type 2 diabetes
in type 2 diabetes, most patients oof this type are _____ or have an increase percentage of _____
obese
body fat distribution in the abdominal region
type 2 diabetes goes _____for many years and is associated with a strong genetic predisposition, with patients at increased risk with an increase in ___, _____, and lack of ____
undiagnosed
age, obesity, physical exercise
abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health
obesity
what is BMI
(body mass index)
classify overweight and obesity
WHO defines
overweight as a BMI:
obesity as a BMI:
overweight as a BMI: equal to or more than 25
obesity as a BMI: equal or more than 30
formula of BMI
weight in kilogram / (height inn meter)^2
what is the number one cause of death globally
heart disease and stroke
examples of cardiovascular disease
heart disease and stroke
how to prevent cardiovascular disease:
address risk factor like
tobacco use
unhealthy diet
obesity
physical inactivity
high blood pressure
diabetes
how many people died from cardiovascular disease in ____
12.3 million
2008
what is the percentage of the global deaths in cardiovascular disease
30%
low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected with over ____ of global CVD deaths
80%
cardiovascular disease is a group of disorders of the heart and the blood vessels which include
coronary heart disease
congenital heart disease
cerebrovascular disease
peripheral arterial disease
rheumatic heart disease
it is the leading cause of chronic-disease related death in the world, with around 10 million people dying every year.
cancer
at least ____ of the cancers are _____ and many cases and deaths can be averted through _____
1/3
preventable
prevention and early detection
cancer is the leading cause of death in the world. around ____ people die from cancer a year
10 million
it is the rapid, abnormal cell growth that then spreads to other parts of the body
cancer
this process is called metastasis
how many percentage of cancers are preventable
30%
what are the risk factors of cancer
tobaccos use
obesity
physical inactivity
infections
alcohol
enviro pollution
uv radiations
how to prevent cancer
implement evidence based strategies for cancer prevention , screening and early detection, treatment and palliative care
what is the percentage of lung cancer deaths and chronic respiratory disease worldwide
71% - lung cancer deaths
42% - chronic respiratory disease
2nd hand smoker: severe respiratory health problems in ____, like ____ and ____
children
asthma
reduced lung function
what increase the risk of respiratory disease in children and adults
indoor air pollution from biological agents
how to prevent chronic respiratory disease
wide range of comprehensive policies to reduce and elimiate tobacco smoke
causation pathway of most chronic non-communicable disease
root determinants (age, gender, ethnicity, urbanization, socio-economy)
underlying determinants (unhealthy diets, alcohol, physical inactivity, poor sleep)
immediate determinants (obesity, high blood, glucose)
chronic diseases (heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancers)
what is the non communicable disease: progress monitor 2022 by WHO
2008 - 2013 action plan
for the global strategy
for the prevention and control of noncommunicable disease
[diagram]
what are the 6 objectives of the 2008 - 2013 action plan
promote research and innovations
raise awareness and mobilize action
reduce risk factors
strengthen health system
build partnership and collaboration
what is the first global ministerial conference on healthy lifestyle and non communicable disease control about?
raise awareness and political commitment
share best practices and lessons learned
strengthen collaboration and partnership
commit to action and accountability
