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BDS2 OCB > OCB03-2004 > Flashcards

OCB03-2004 Flashcards

1
Q

Define a PNS neuron.

A

A neuron with any part outside the brain or spinal cord

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2
Q

Define a CNS neuron.

A

A neuron entirely contained within the brain and/or spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic NS?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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4
Q

What two structures make up the CNS?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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5
Q

What is contained in grey matter?

A

Cell bodies of neurons

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6
Q

What is contained in white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

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7
Q

What is the distribution of grey and white matter in the brain?

A

Cortex = grey matter

White matter on the inside

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8
Q

What is the distribution of grey and white matter in the spinal cord?

A

White matter peripherally

Grey matter forms characteristic H shape

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9
Q

Where does the parasympathetic system originate?

A

Cranial nerves

Sacral nerves

(Cranio-sacral)

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10
Q

Where does the sympathetic system originate?

A

T1-L2

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11
Q

What are the functions of the cranial part of the parasympathetic system?

A

Constrict pupils (miosis)

Stimulate salivation

Slow heartbeat

Constrict airways

Stimulate stomach and intestinal activity

Stimulate gall bladder

Inhibit glucose release

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12
Q

What are the functions of the sacral part of the parasympathetic system?

A

Contract bladder

Promote erection of genitals

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13
Q

What are the functions of the thoracic part of the sympathetic system?

A

Dilate pupils (mydriasis)

Inhibit salivation

Increase heartbeat

Relax airways

Inhibit stomach and intestinal activity

Inhibit gall bladder

Stimulate glucose release

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14
Q

What are the functions of the lumbar part of the sympathetic system?

A

Relax bladder

Promote ejaculation and vaginal contraction

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15
Q

What forms the hindbrain?

A

Pons

Medulla

Cerebellum

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16
Q

What is another term for forebrain?

A

Endbrain

Telencephalon

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17
Q

What are the three main anatomical compartments of the brain?

A

Forebrain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

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18
Q

Which surface of the brain is ventral?

A

Underside

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19
Q

Which side of the brain is dorsal?

A

Upper side

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20
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

Plane that runs through the midline

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21
Q

Why is the coronal plane considered to be a transverse plane?

A

Flexion of brain during development

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22
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there normally?

A

31

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23
Q

How many spinal nerves are in each vertebral area (ie cervical, thoracic…)?

A

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

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24
Q

At what level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

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25
Through what structure do spinal nerves leave the vertebral column?
Intervertebral foramen
26
What is the cauda equina?
Region of spinal nerves with no spinal cord in the vertebral column
27
What is the clinical significance of the cauda equina?
Able to perform a lumbar puncture to sample CSF safely/without damaging spinal cord
28
Describe the location of lower motor neurons.
Soma in ventral horns Axons project through ventral root to join with dorsal roots Terminate at neuromuscular junction
29
Describe the location of sensory neurons in the spinal cord.
Soma in dorsal root ganglion Axon comes in from a sensory-specific receptor Axon travels via dorsal root into dorsal horn
30
How do nerves enter/leave the spinal cord?
As rootlets
31
How to the rootlets change as you progress down the spinal cord and why?
Become more oblique in angle Due to difference in lengths of spinal cord and vertebral column
32
What are the main lobes of the cerebrum?
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe
33
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Executive functions Thinking, planning, organising, problem solving Emotions, behavioural control, personality Motor cortex = movement
34
In which lobe is the motor cortex found?
Frontal lobe
35
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus/fissure
36
What separates the motor and sensory cortices?
Central sulcus/fissure
37
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Memory Understanding Language
38
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Perception/sensation = sensory cortex Arithmetic and spelling
39
In which lobe is the sensory cortex found?
Parietal lobe
40
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Vision
41
What separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?
Lateral sulcus/fissure (Sylvian fissure)
42
What are gyri?
Ridges of the cerebral cortex
43
What are sulci?
Grooves of the cerebral cortex
44
What are fissures?
Deeper grooves in the brain
45
What is the purpose of gyri and sulci?
Increase surface area to allow more neuronal material to fit into the cranial vault
46
What is the ventricular system?
Interconnected chambers important in the production and transit of CSF
47
What is the spinal canal?
Central canal of spinal cord containing CSF
48
Describe the structure of the ventricular system.
One lateral ventricle in each hemisphere Each connected to the third ventricle by the interventricular foramen Third ventricle connected to fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct
49
What forms the walls of the third ventricle?
Diencephalon on each side
50
What shape are the lateral ventricles?
C-shaped with posterior horns
51
Which ventricles sit in the midline?
Third and fourth
52
Describe the position of the fourth ventricle.
Posterior to pons Anterior to cerebellum
53
How does CSF escape the ventricular system?
Foramina in the fourth ventricle
54
What are the foramina leaving the fourth ventricle?
Central canal of medulla Median foramen of Magendie Lateral foramina of Luschka
55
What synthesises CSF?
Choroid plexus
56
How does the choroid plexus look?
Bubbly Cauliflower-like
57
What type of cells make up the choroid plexus?
Specialised ependymal cells
58
What are the functions of CSF?
Buoyancy - reduces weight of brain from 1.3kg to 30g to prevent ventral neurons being squashed Protection - hydrostatic buffer against cranium Removal of waste products - eventually returns to venous bloodstream
59
How much CSF is produced per day?
~500ml
60
What can failure of CSF reabsorption cause?
Hydrocephalus - CSF pushes brain cortex outwards which pushes against unfused skull plates
61
How could you treat hydrocephalus?
Stent to remove excess CSF Surgically
62
What are the meninges?
Outer protective layers of CNS
63
What are names of the meninges?
Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater
64
Which layer of the meninges cannot be seen with the naked eye?
Pia mater
65
Describe the pia mater.
Innermost layer of meninges Fine, delicate, about 2 cells thick
66
Describe the arachnoid mater.
Silky, web-like Closely associated with dura mater
67
What is the glia limitans?
Outer layer of brain/cortex made up of glial cells (esp. astrocytes)
68
Describe the dura mater.
Tough, hardy Closely associated with arachnoid mater and the periosteum (in the cranial region) 2 layers in skull which separate to form venous sinuses
69
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
Periosteal Meningeal
70
Why is the dura mater not closely attached to the periosteum of the vertebral column?
Allows spine to bend easily
71
What is the subarachnoid space?
Space between pia mater and arachnoid mater Contains CSF
72
How is CSF reabsorbed?
Moves from subarachnoid space into venous sinuses (mainly superior sagittal sinus) via arachnoid granulations/villi
73
Where are the arachnoid granulations particularly abundant?
Along the superior sagittal sinus

BDS2 OCB (22 decks)

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