Obstruction and Trauma of the Upper Respiratory Airway Flashcards
- Cessation of breathing during sleep caused by
repetitive upper airway obstruction - Interferes with the person’s ability to rest,
affects memory, learning and decision making - Men>women
- Older and overweight
- Smoking
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
types of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
– lack of air flow due to
pharyngeal occlusion
Obstructive
types of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
– simultaneous cessation of both
airflow and respiratory movements
Central
types of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
– combination of central and
obstruction
Mixed
*Deviation of the nasal septum
*Hypertrophy of the turbinate bones
* Pressure of nasal polyps
* Chronic nasal congestion
Nasal Obstruction
Fracture of the Nose
Avoid aspirin in patients younger than 20 to prevent Reye’s syndrome
Fracture of the Nose
Avoid aspirin in patients younger than 20 to prevent Reye’s syndrome
is the most common site of hemoptysis
Anterior septum
- Most common facial fracture and
most common fracture in the body
*Direct assault - May affect maxilla and the septum
Fracture of the Nose
Laryngeal Obstruction
- If obstruction can be visualized, the
finger can dislodge it - If in the larynx or trachea, the
______
maneuver is performed.
subdiaphragmatic abdominal thrust
- Malignant tumor in and out the
larynx (voicebox) - Squamous cell carcinoma
- 50 to 70
*men > women
Cancer of the Larynx
*Obstruction of the larynx because
of edema is a serious, often fatal
condition
* Can lead to life-threatening hypoxia
or suffocation
* Foreign bodies may be aspirated
* X-ray findings confirm the diagnosis
Laryngeal Obstruction
Cancer of the Larynx
*Stage I or II, radiation therapy or
surgery
*Stage III or IV or advance tumor,
surgery and irradiation
*Chemotherapy for recurrence or
metastatic disease
- Laringo fissure- thyrotomy
- Early stage of cancer in glottic area when
only one vocal cord is involved - Performed for recurrence when high-dose
radiation has failed - Portion of the larynx is removed, along with
one vocal cord and the tumor, all other
structure remain - Airway remains intact, no difficulty
swallowing - Voice quality may change, may sound
hoarse
Partial Laryngectomy
:
*Used stage I glottic lesions
* Thyroid cartilage of the larynx is split in the
midline of the neck, and the portion of the
vocal cord (one true cord and one false
cord) is removed with the tumor
* Voice may be rough, raspy and hoarse and
have limited projection
* Airway and swallowing remain intact
* Risk factor postoperatively, aspiration
Hemilaryngectomy
*Voice sparing operation
*Epiglottis, a single arytenoids
cartilage,and false vocal cords
*Early (stage I) supraglottic and stage II
lesions
*Hyoid bone, glottic and false cords are
removed
*True vocal cords, cricoid cartilage, and
trachea remain intact
* Complication:
* Aspiration
Supraglottic Laryngectomy:
*Use in stage IV laryngeal cancers
and for cancers that recurs or
persists after radiation therapy
*Laryngeal structure are removed
*Tongue, pharyngeal walls, and
trachea are preserved
*Permanent loss of voice and a
change in the airway
Total Laryngectomy:
➢Alternatives to the total
laryngectomy and used to preserve
or restore speech
Supracricoid Laryngectomy
- Patients needs the ability to
compress air into the esophagus
and expel it off a vibration of the
pharyngeal segment
Esophageal Speech:
- Battery-powered apparatus projects
sounds into the oral cavity - When mouth forms
words(articulated), the sound from
the electric larynx become audible
sounds
Electric Larynx
- Sound produced is a combination of
esophageal speech and voice - A valve is placed in the tracheal
stoma to divert air into the
esophagus and out of the mouth
Tracheoesophageal Puncture
*Opiods should be used cautiously
*Opiods should be used cautiously
