Lung Ca Flashcards
leading cancer killer among men and women
lung ca
patho
pulmonary epithelium undergoes malignant transformation from normal epithelium eventually to invasive ___
carcinoma
most common cause of lung cancer
inhaled carcinogen (cigarette smoking >85%)
2 major categories of lung Ca
15% to 20% of tumors
Small Cell Lung Cancer
2 major categories of lung Ca
-80% of tumors
-most common: adenocarcinoma
-Squamous Cell Carcinoma (20% to 30%)
-Large Cell Carcinoma (15%)
-Adenocarcinoma (40%)
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
types of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
m-more centrally located and arises in the segmental and subsegmental bronchi
squamous cell carcinoma
types of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
- also called as undefirrentiated carcinoma
- fast grwoing tumor that tends to arise peripherally (causes late symptoms)
-begins in the outer edges of the lungs
large cell carcinoma
types of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
-most prevalent carcinoma; it occurs peripherally as peripheral masses or nodules and often metastasizes
adenocarcinoma
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
*used to identify small nodules not easily visualized by the chest x-ray
*measure blood perfusion through the lungs
*confirm pulmonary embolism or other blood-flow abnormalities
*confirm the location for tissue sample
CHEST SCANS
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
*performed to search for pulmonary density, a solitary pulmonary nodule (coin lesion, atelectasis, and infection
CHEST X-RAY
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
*examines a sample of sputum (mucus) under a microscope to determine whether abnormal cells are present.
SPUTUM CYTOLOGY
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
*direct inspection and observation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi through a flexible or rigid bronchoscope
*commonly used to diagnose lung cancer
*diagnostic uses:
-collect secretion
-determine location and
-collect specimen for biopsy
*therapeutic uses:
-remove foreign objects
-excise lesions
FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY
medicine that we give prior to bronchoscopy to avoid bronchospasm
atropine (anti-cholinergic) and valium
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
*
provides information about the biologic activity of the cells and assists in differentiating benign and malignant process and responses to treatment
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
*
visualization of mediastinum
*
under local or general anesthesia
*
visualize lymph nodes and obtain biopsy sample
*
complication:
-
dysrhythmias, bleeding, MI, pneumothorax
MEDIATINOSCOPY/ MEDIASTINOTOMY
