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MedSurg > Assessment of Respiratory Function > Flashcards

Assessment of Respiratory Function Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the Respiratory System

A
  • Deliver oxygen to and expel carbon dioxide
    from the body
  • Upper respiratory system warms and filters
    air
  • Lower respiratory system accomplishes gas
    exchange
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2
Q

6 Structures of the Upper Respiratory
Tract

A
  • Nose
  • Sinuses and nasal passages
  • Pharynx
  • Tonsils and adenoids
  • Larynx: epiglottis, glottis, vocal
    cords, and cartilages
  • Trachea
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3
Q

4 paranasal sinuses

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

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4
Q

epithelium of the respiratory

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

2 functions ofthe sinus

A

to decrease the weigh of the skull, for phonation

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6
Q

type 1 alveoli function

A

repair structure

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7
Q

type 2 alveoli function

A

produces surfactant

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8
Q

this is where the gas exchange takes place

A

alveoli

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9
Q

2 arteries that is exception of carrying deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary and umbilical artery

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10
Q

Lower Respiratory System Structures

A

Two lungs: five lobes
a. Left: upper and lower
b. Right: upper, middle, and lower

Pleura
Mediastinum
Bronchi and bronchioles
Alveoli

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11
Q

The inner layer that surrounds
the lung itself is called the?

A

Visceral Pleura

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12
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs
occurs in the?*

A

Alveolar sacs

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13
Q

is exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide at the alveolar–capillary membrane

A

Diffusion

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13
Q
  • Process of gas exchange between the atmospheric air and the blood and between the
    blood and cells of the body
  • Oxygen concentration in capillaries of the lungs is
    lower than in the alveoli
A

Respiration

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14
Q

What is gas exchange between the lungs and blood, and between the blood and tissues?

A

Respiration

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14
Q

is flow of air in and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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14
Q
  • Oxygen crosses the alveolar–capillary membrane into arterial
    blood by diffusion, perfusion carries oxygenated blood to all
    body tissues
  • Oxygen diffuses from areas of higher partial pressure to areas
    of lower partial pressure
  • Oxygen is transported to the cells of the body by combining
    with hemoglobin
A

Perfusion: Oxygen Transport

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14
Q

Clubbing—indicates ___

A

chronicity

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14
Q

____ is the end product of metabolic
combustion
* it crosses the alveolar–capillary
membrane into venous blood by diffusion, perfusion
carries deoxygenated blood back to the lungs

A

Carbon dioxide

14
Q

is arterial/venous circulation filling
pulmonary capillaries with blood

A

Perfusion

15
Q

3 Abnormal (adventitious) breath sounds:

A

a. Crackles
b. Wheezes
c. Friction rub

16
Q

Subjective distress in breathing
During exercise, respiratory muscles may fatigue,
resulting in shallow, ineffective breathing

A

Dyspnea

17
Q
  • An increase in pulmonary ventilation that exceeds O2 needs of metabolism
  • decreases PCO2
A

Hyperventilation

18
Q
  • Closing the glottis
    following a full
    inspiration while
    maximally activating the
    expiratory muscles
  • Causes increase in
    intrathoracic pressure
  • Helps stabilize chest
    during lifting
A

Valsalva Maneuver

18
Q

3 Physiologic Consequences of Valsalva Maneuver

A
  • An acute drop in BP may result from a prolonged Valsalva
    maneuver.
  • Decreased venous return
  • Decreased flow to brain—-→ Dizziness or fainting result
18
Q
  • Device ensures that a volume of air is
    inhaled, and the patient takes deep
    breathes.
  • Used to prevent or treat atelectasis.
  • Nursing care
  • Positioning of patient, teach and encourage use, set realistic
    goals for the patient, and record the results.
A

Incentive Spirometer

19
Q

 assesses respiratory function
 screening modality
 assesses response to therapy

A

Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)

20
Q
  • Measurement of arterial
    oxygenation and carbon dioxide
    levels
  • Used to assess the adequacy of
    alveolar ventilation and the ability of
    the lungs to provide oxygen and
    remove carbon dioxide
  • Also assesses acid–base balance
    Assessing the ability of the lungs to provide O2
    and remove CO2
  • Radial, brachial or femoral artery
  • Pain, infection and hemorrhage
A

Arterial Blood Gases

20
Q
  • A noninvasive method to monitor
    the oxygen saturation of the blood
  • Does not replace ABGs
  • Normal level is 95% to 100%
  • May be unreliable
A

Pulse Oximetry

20
Q

Causes of Inaccurate Results of pulse ox

  • Anemia, Carbon monoxide level
  • Dark skin, nail polish. Bright light (sunlight) , pt’s
    movement e.g. shivering
  • not reliable detectors of hypoventilation if the
    patient is receiving supplemental oxygen
A
  • Anemia, Carbon monoxide level
  • Dark skin, nail polish. Bright light (sunlight) , pt’s
    movement e.g. shivering
  • not reliable detectors of hypoventilation if the
    patient is receiving supplemental oxygen
21
Q

 tells us ventilation to lungs is occurring, that CO2
is being transported to lungs, exp. CO2 indicates
adequate ventilation

A

CO2 monitoring

21
Q
  • Thin, flexible that can be directed into the
    segmental bronchi.
  • Excellent optical system that increase visualization
    of the airways
  • Ideal for diagnosing pulmonary lesions.
  • Allows biopsy & can be performed through ET or
    ventilators
A

Fiberoptic bronchoscope

22
Q
  • More detailed diagnostic image
  • Characterize pulmonary nodules, help stage
    carcinoma
  • No metals
  • Claustrophobia
A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

22
Q
  • Investigate thromboembolic & vascular tree
    diseases.
  • Injecting the radiopaque agent into a vein in
    one or both arms (simultaneously) or into the
    femoral vein with a needle or catheter.
  • Test for allergy
A

Pulmonary Angiography

22
Q
  • Scanning successive layers by a narrow-beam x-
    ray.
  • Contrasts/distinguish body densities such as
    bone, soft tissue
  • Define pulmonary nodules and small tumors
  • Contrast agents are used
A

Computed Tomography (CT)

22
Q
  • Used to assist with invasive procedures (biopsy)
    to identify lesions.
  • Study the movement of the chest, heart, and
    diaphragm
  • Locate lung masses.
A

Fluoroscopic Studies

22
Q
  • Advanced diagnostic capabilities that is used to
    evaluate lung nodules for malignancy.
  • Distinguish normal tissue from diseased tissue
  • More accurate in detecting malignancies than CT
  • Has equivalent accuracy in detecting malignancies
    compared with thoracoscopy (invasive)
A

Positron Emission Tomography

22
Q
  • Examine tissues or collect secretions
  • Determine the location and extent of the
    pathologic process
  • Obtain a tissue sample for diagnosis (by biting,
    cutting, curettage, or brush biopsy),
  • Determine whether a tumor can be resected
    surgically
  • Diagnose bleeding sites (source of hemoptysis).
A

Bronchoscopy

23
Q

The rigid bronchoscope

  • Hollow metal tube with light at its end.
  • Mainly for removing foreign substances
  • Investigates hemoptysis
  • Performed in the OR not at the bedside.
A

The rigid bronchoscope

  • Hollow metal tube with light at its end.
  • Mainly for removing foreign substances
  • Investigates hemoptysis
  • Performed in the OR not at the bedside.
23
Q
  • Diagnostic procedure in which the pleural cavity is
    examined with an endoscope
  • Small incisions are made into the pleural cavity
  • After any fluid is aspirated, the fiberoptic mediastinoscope
    is inserted
  • After the procedure, a chest tube may be inserted, and the
    pleural cavity is drained by negative-pressure water-seal
    drainage.
A

Thoracoscopy

23
Q
  • Aspiration of fluid or air from the pleural space
  • Diagnostic or therapeutic reasons
  • For analysis, pleural biopsy, and instillation of
    medication into the pleural space.
  • Can be performed under ultrasound guidance –less
    complications
A

Thoracentesis

24
Q

types of hypoxia

is a decreased oxygen level in the blood resulting in decreased oxygen diffusion into the tissues. It may be caused by hypoventilation, high altitudes ventilation-perfusion mismatch (as in pulmonary embolism) shunts in which the alveoli are collapsed and canngt provide oxygen to the blood (commonly caused by atelectasis), and pulmonary diffusion defects. It is corrected by increasing alveolar ventilation or providing supplemental oxygen

A

Hypoxemic hypoxia

24
Q

types of hypoxia

is hypoxia resulting from inadequate capillary circulation. It may be caused by decreased cardiac output, local vascular obstruction, low-flow states such as shock, or cardiac arrest. Although tissue partial pressure of oxygen (PO,) is reduced, arterial oxygen (PaOz) remains normal. corrected by identifying and treating the underlying cause

A

Circulatory hypoxia

25
Q

types of hypoxia

is a result of decreased effective hemoglo bin concentration, which causes a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It is rarely accompanied by hypoxemia. Carbon monoxide poisoning, because it reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin, produces similar effects but is not strictly anemic hypoxia because hemoglobin levels may be normal.

A

Anemic hypoxia

26
Q

types of hypoxia

occurs when a toxic substance, such as cyanide, interferes with the ability of tissues to use available oxygen.

A

Histotoxic hypoxia

MedSurg (10 decks)

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