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Y Anatomy, Histo, Embryo III > Obnoxious First Midterm Questions > Flashcards

Obnoxious First Midterm Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the pachymeninx?

A

Both dural mater layers: periosteal and meningeal

-meningeal layer is tougher, with more collagen fibers than the periosteal

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2
Q

What makes up the leptomeninx?

A

leptomeninx = both the pia mater and arachnoid layers

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3
Q

What is the difference between the epidural space in the brain and spinal cord?

A

In the brain, the epidural space is a potential space that contains the meningeal vessels and only fills during bleeding of, for example the middle meningeal artery.

The spinal epidural space is a natural space between the spinal dural sac and the vertebral periosteum (endorachis). This area contains the internal vertebral venous plexus and adipose tissue. Use for epidural injections in anesthesiology

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4
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Another potential space that, in the skull, transmits the superior cerebral veins. With trauma, it can be the site of slow-bleeding subdural hematomas that may take weeks to show symptoms

In the spinal cord, it is also a potential/virtual/artifical space that under normal physiological conditions should not really exist

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5
Q

If the brain herniates through the foramen magnum in the case of rising intracranial pressure, what parts of the brain are affected?

A

The medulla and tonsils of the cerebellum may be squeezed into the foramen magnum in this case, affecting the cardio and respiratory centers which may lead to death

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6
Q

What are the subarachnoid spaces?

A

Between pia mater and arachnoid layer, surrounding entire brain and spinal cord, these are normal physiological spaces through which CSF flows, along with cerebral arteries and veins

dilations in the subarachnoid space = cisterns

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7
Q

What are the borders of the Lemniscal Trigone?

A

Anteriorly: Brachium of Inferior Collicle

Posteriorly/Inferiorly: Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Laterally: Lateral Sulcus of Midbrain + Cerebral Peduncle

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8
Q

What are the borders of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle?

A

Lateral wall: head of caudate nucleus.
Medial wall: the septum pellucidum.
Floor/anterior wall/roof: the radiation of corpus callosum (the radiation of rostrum -
genu - and body)

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9
Q

What are the borders of the central part of the lateral ventricle?

A

Central part of lateral ventricle: located posterior to interventricular foramen, and found at level of Splenium of Corpus Callosum

Borders:

Roof: corpus callosum
Floor: dorsal aspect of thalamus, covered by the lamina affixa
Lateral wall: body of the caudate nucleus
Medial wall: choroid lamina epithelialis of the lateral ventricle

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10
Q

What are the borders of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricles?

A

aka occipital horn

Lateral wall: tapetum of the corpus callosum.
• The other walls are formed by the occipital white matter.
Medial wall: two longitudinal elevations are seen: the bulb of the posterior horn, formed by the
radiation of the corpus callosum (forceps major) and the calcar avis, produced by the calcarine fissure.
Floor: the collateral trigone (caused by the collateral sulcus) is found.

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11
Q

What are the borders of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles?

A

aka temporal horn

Floor: hippocampus and collateral eminence (caused by the collateral sulcus).
Roof and lateral wall: formed by the white substance of the hemisphere (radiation of splenium
corporis callosi: tapetum) and along its medial border are the stria terminalis and tail of caudate nucleus.
Anteriorly: the amygdaloid nucleus bulges into the anterior end of the horn.
Medial wall: choroid lamina epithelialis is attached to the
fimbria of hippocampus and to the stria terminalis.

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12
Q

What are the borders of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Lateral: thalamus, hypothalamus

Posterior: habenular & posterior commissures, suprapineal and pineal recesses

Anterior: columns of fornix, anterior commissure, lamina terminalis, triangular recess

Floor: hypothalamus with optic and infundibular recesses

Roof: Choroid Tela and Plexus

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13
Q

What are the teniae in the brain?

What is the tenia thalami?

A

The teniae are the attachment sites of epithelial choroid lamina

The tenia thalami is where the choroid lamina epithelialis of the 3rd ventricle is attached to the thalamus

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14
Q

What veins does the cavernous sinus flow to?

What veins flow into the cavernous sinus?

A

Cavernous sinus flows to the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

Veins that flow into it:

  • Middle cerebral vein
  • Sphenoparietal sinus
  • Superior opthalmic vein
  • inferior opthalmic vein
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15
Q

Branches of what nerves innervate the cranial dura mater?

A

Branches of the 3 parts of the Trigeminal nerve innervate most of the dura mater, except the posterior cranial fossa which is innervated by the Vagus nerve

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16
Q

What nerves innervate the anterior cranial fossa part of the dura mater?

A

The anterior meningeal branches, part of the ethmoidal nerve, which comes from V1 (Opthalmic)

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17
Q

What nerves innervate the middle cranial fossa part of the dura mater?

A

Branches of V2 and V3 (Maxillary and Mandibular branches of Trigeminal)

  • the maxillary nerve accompanies the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery
  • the mandibular nerve exits the foramen ovale, but then its recurrent branch curves up to come through the foramen spinosum, accompanying the posterior branch of the middle meningeal artery
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18
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior cranial fossa part of the dura mater?

How does this differ from the tentorium cerebelli (and some of the posterior falx cerebri)?

A

Branches of the Vagus nerve innervate the posterior cranial fossa

However, the tentorium cerebelli is innervated by the tentorial nerve, which comes from the Opthalmic branch of trigeminal (V1)

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19
Q

What vein do the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses drain into?

A

-> sigmoid sinus

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20
Q

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into?

A

First to the straight sinus, then the confluence of sinuses

Not confluence of sinuses directly!

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21
Q

What is the Brodmann number for the precentral gyrus?

A

Brodmann Number 4,6

Primary Motor Area

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22
Q

What is the Brodmann number of the postcentral gyrus?

A

3,1,2

Primary Somatosensory Area

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23
Q

What is significant about the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Contains Wernicke’s speech area

24
Q

What is significant about the triangular and opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

They contain Broca’s speech area

25
Q

What is the choroid glomus?

A

Choroid glomus is an enlargement of the choroid plexus located in the lateral ventricles

Its main purpose is for the creation of CSF

26
Q

What is the (corpus) striatum?

A

the head of the Caudate Nucleus together with the Putamen

27
Q

What important vein drains the thalamus and corpus striatum?

A

Superior Thalamostriate vein aka Terminal vein

Runs in the sulcus terminalis covered by the lamina affixa between the thalamus medially and the caudate nucleus laterally in the floor of the lateral ventricle

-Separates the telencephalon from the diencephalon

28
Q

What are the connections of the 3 types of cerebellar peduncle?

A

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: connects cerebellum to Pons & Midbrain

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle: connects cerebellum to Pons

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle: connects cerebellum to Medulla

29
Q

What are the contents of the pontocerebellar angle?

(or cerebellopontine, whatever you want to call it)

A
  • facial N. (CN VII)
    • Intermediate Nerve (sensory and parasymp of facial nerve)
  • vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
  • flocculus of the cerebellum
  • lateral recess of the 4th ventricle, Bochdolek Flower Basket
  • Pontocerebellar Cistern
30
Q

What is the transverse temporal gyrus?

What is its Brodmann number?

A

AKA Heschl’s Gyrus

Contains the primary auditory cortex! Buried within the lateral (Sylvian) fissure

Brodmann # 41, 42

31
Q

What do you call the radiation of the splenium of the corpus callosum?

A

Forceps Major or Posterior

also Tapetum

32
Q

What is the lamina affixa?

A

The embryological remnant of the original wall of the prosencephalon, microscopic structure

Adult: a layer of telencephalon epithelium growing on the surface of the thalamus (diencephalon) and forming the floor of the central part of lateral ventricle

It covers the thalamostriate and choroidal veins

33
Q

What is the fornix?

What are the parts of the fornix?

A

Fornix: C-shaped bundle of fibers that carries signals from the hippocampus to the mamillary bodies and septal nuclei

Anteriorly it starts in the Mamillary Bodies

Curves upwards with the Columns, first with the tectal part (pars tecta) and then the free part (pars libera) near the interventricular foramen

Then is the horizontal Body that runs anterior-posterior

Posteriorly are the Crura with the Hippocampal Commissure between them

Next is the Fimbria until it reaches the Hippocampus

34
Q

What is the collateral trigone?

A

A triangular prominence of the floor of the lateral ventricle at the transition between occipital and temporal horn

Caused by the collateral sulcus

Continous with the collateral eminence

35
Q

Where is the calcar avis?

A

In the medial wall of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricles

It’s produced by the calcarine fissure

(calcar = “spur,” avis = “bird)

36
Q

What are the nuclei in the cerebellum?

A
  • Dentate
  • Emboliform
  • Fastigial
  • Globulus

(remember they follow the alphabet, D-E-F-G)

37
Q

What are radial glial cells?

A

They are CNS progenitor cells that form long scaffolds. In the developing CNS, new neurons travel on these scaffolds to migrate.

(a Kalman favorite)

38
Q

Where does the flower basket of Bochdalek protrude into the subarachnoid space?

A

The lateral foramina of Luschka (the flower basket is a protrusion of choroid plexus)

39
Q

What major hormone does the pineal body secrete?

A

Melatonin

40
Q

What arteries supply the spinal cord?

A
  • Anterior Spinal Artery (from vertebral artery)
  • Right and Left Posterior Spinal Arteries (also from vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery, it’s variable)
  • Segmental Arteries (from aorta, vertebral arteries and common iliac arteries)
41
Q

What is the denticulate ligament of the spinal column?

A

A continuation of the pia mater that attaches laterally to the arachnoid layer,crossing a large subarachnoid space and separating the direction of flow of CSF between the anterior and posterior sides of the spinal cord

There are about 21 of these in the whole spinal column

42
Q

What is the major vein of the spine?

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus (of Batson)

-permits bidirectional flow, allowing transmission of tumor agents and pathogens

43
Q

What divides the basal plate and alar plate?

A

Sulcus Limitans

44
Q

What is the isthmic organizer?

A

At the midbrain-hindbrain border, it is a powerful local signaling center

45
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

46
Q

What are the recesses of the third ventricle?

A

Suprapineal recess
Pineal recess
Triangular recess
Optic recess
Infundibular recess

47
Q

What 2 things make up the tela choroidea?

A

Choroid Lamina Epithelialis and Pia Mater

48
Q

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

A

Inside: CN VI, Internal Carotid Artery

In the Lateral Wall: CN’s III, IV, V1 and V2

49
Q

What sinuses drain into the Confluence of Sinuses?

A
  • Straight Sinus
  • Superior Sagittal Sinus
  • Occipital Sinus
50
Q

What are the 2 major parts of the Epithalamus?

A

Pineal Body and Habenular Trigone

51
Q

What are the borders of the Habenular Trigone?

A

Medially: Tenia Thalami + Habenular Commissure
Laterally: Thalamus
Posteriorly: Superior Colliculus

52
Q

What separates the hypothalamus from the thalamus?

A

The hypothalamic sulcus

53
Q

To what sensory systems do the medial and lateral geniculate bodies belong to?

To which collicles do they communicate?

A

Medial Geniculate Body: Auditory, communicates with Inferior Collicle

Lateral Geniculate Body: Visual, communicates with Superior Collicle

54
Q

What are 4 parts of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Optic Chiasm
  • Mamillary Bodies
  • Infundibulum
  • Tuber Cinereum
55
Q

What are 4 parts of the Thalamus?

A
  • Pulvinar (posteriorly)
  • Metathalamus (the Medial and Lateral Geniculate Bodies)
  • Anterior Tubercle
  • Interthalamic Adhesion/massa intermedia (may not be present, variable)
56
Q

What are 3 parts of the Subthalamus?

A
  • Subthalamic nucleus of Luys
  • Zona incerta
  • Fields of Forel

(probably not too important for 1st midterm…)

Y Anatomy, Histo, Embryo III (26 decks)

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