objective 9

Question 1

 Affects almost every cell, organ, and function of the
body
 is closely linked with the nervous system and the immune system

Answer 1

endocrine system

Question 2

most commonly
involves adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or growth
hormone (GH) and results in Cushing’s Syndrome or
acromegaly

Answer 2

over secretion of the anterior pituitary gland

Question 3

large volumes of dilute urine as a result of deficient production of vasopressin
characterized by deficiency of ADH
excessive thirst,
fluid restriction can cause hypernatremia and severe dehydration

Answer 3

diabetes insipidus

Question 4

excessive ADH secretion from the pituitary
concentrated urine, fluid retention, sodium deficiency known as dilutional hyponatremia
caused by head injury, brain surgery or tumour

Answer 4

SIADH

Question 5

autoimmune thyroiditis and hashimotos disease which causes atrophy of the thyroid

Answer 5

hyporthyroidism

Question 6

what are the manifestations of hypothyroidism?

Answer 6

fatigue; hair, skin and nail changes; weight gain; personality and cognitive changes; and cardiac and respiratory complications

Question 7

 The second most prevalent endocrine disorder
 Excessive output of thyroid hormone
 Disease of unknown etiology marked by diffuse
thyroid enlargement and excessive thyroid
hormone secretion.
 Graves’ disease accounts for 90% of the cases of
hyperthyroidism and is more common in women,
particularly between the ages of 20 to 40 years

Answer 7

hyperthyroidism

Question 8

what are the manifestations of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 8

nervousness; palpitations;
rapid pulse;; tremors; skin is flushed; exophthalmos;
increased appetite and dietary intake; restlessness
and weight loss; may progress to cardiac
dysrhythmias and heart failure

Question 9

 Inflammation of the thyroid gland

Answer 9

thyroiditis

Question 10

hought to be caused by a viral
infection (e.g., mumps, measles, adenovirus) or post–viral
inflammatory processes resulting from prior upper respiratory
infections

Answer 10

subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Question 11

be caused by a bacterial or fungal
infection. The thyroid gland is tender and enlarged, and the patient
often experiences neck pain and fatigue

Answer 11

acute thryoiditis

Question 12

most
common in women, can lead to hypothyroidism and goitre formation

Answer 12

chronic autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 13

is a chronic autoimmune disease in
which thyroid tissue is replaced by lymphocytes and fibrous
tissue
 If untreated, the disease runs a slow, progressive course,
leading to hypothyroidism
Treatment: reduce the size of the thyroid gland and prevent
hypothyroidism. Surgery may be required.

Answer 13

hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 14

Found in regions where the natural supply of iodine is
deficient
 Usually cause no symptoms , except for swelling in the neck
which may result in tracheal compression

Answer 14

endemic goitre

Question 15

compensatory hypertrophy of the thyroid gland

Answer 15

simple goitre

Question 16

 Areas of hyperplasia (overgrowth)
 Nodules slowly increase in size, with some descending into
the thorax
 Some are malignant and some are associated with a
hyperthyroid state. May require surgery.

Answer 16

nodular goitre

Question 17

 More than 95% of all thyroid nodules are benign
 Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine-related
carcinoma
 The primary sign of thyroid cancer is the presence of a
painless, palpable nodule or nodules in an enlarged thyroid
gland.
 Needle biopsy used to diagnose
 MRI, CT and thyroid scans

Answer 17

thyroid cancer

Question 18

 Occurs when the adrenal cortex function is inadequate in
making cortical hormones
 Autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands is responsible for
majority of cases
 Therapeutic use of corticosteroids is most common cause of
adrenocortical insufficiency

Answer 18

addisons disease

Question 19

what are the manifestations of addisons disease?

Answer 19

Muscle weakness, anorexia, fatigue, hypotension, low blood
glucose, low serum sodium, high serum potassium, mental
changes, confusion

Question 20

happens with disease progression.
Characterized by cyanosis, rapid and weak pulse, rapid
respirations, abdominal pain, diarrhea, confusion

Answer 20

addisonian crisis

Question 21

Caused by excessive adrenocortical activity or
corticosteroid medications

Answer 21

cushings syndrome

Question 22

what are the manifestations of cushings syndrome?

Answer 22

Hyperglycemia that may develop into diabetes, weight gain,
central type obesity with “buffalo hump,” heavy trunk and thin
extremities, fragile thin skin, ecchymosis, striae, weakness,
sleep disturbances, osteoporosis, muscle wasting,
hypertension, “moon-face,” acne, increased susceptibility to
infection, slow healing, loss of libido, mood changes,
increased serum sodium, and decreased serum potassium

Question 23

 multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin
production, impaired insulin utilization, or both

Answer 23

diabetes mellitus

Question 24

what are the functions of insulin?

Answer 24

 Transports and metabolizes glucose for
energy
 Stimulates storage of glucose in the liver and
muscle as glycogen
 Signals the liver to stop the release of glucose
 Enhances the storage of dietary fat in adipose
tissue
 Accelerates transport of amino acids into cells
 Inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose,
protein, and fat

Question 25

 Insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas are
destroyed by an autoimmune process
 Characterized by a stop in insulin production
 Usually occurs in younger people but can occur
at any age

Answer 25

type 1 diabetes

Question 26

 Decreased sensitivity to insulin (insulin
resistance) and impaired beta cell function results
in decreased insulin production
 90% of person with diabetes
 More common in persons older than 35 years of
age and in the obese
 Slow, progressive glucose intolerance
 Treated initially with diet and exercise
 Oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin may be
used

Answer 26

type 2 diabetes

Question 27

what are the manifestations of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 27

 “Three Ps”
 Polyuria
 Polydipsia
 Polyphagia
 Fatigue, weakness, vision changes, tingling or
numbness in hands or feet, dry skin, skin lesions
or wounds that are slow to heal, and recurrent
infections
 Type 1 may have sudden weight loss, nausea,
vomiting, and abdominal pain if DKA has
developed

Question 28

what are the manifestations of type 2 diabetes>

Answer 28

 Possible that an individual with type 2 DM will experience
some of the classic symptoms associated with type 1.
 Some of the more common manifestations associated with
type 2 DM include fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged
wound healing, visual acuity changes, and painful peripheral
neuropathy in the feet.
 Unfortunately, the clinical manifestations appear so gradually
that, before the person knows it, they may have
complications

Question 29

 Describes how much a food increases blood
glucose
 Combining starchy food with protein- and fat-
containing food slows absorption and glycemic
response
 Raw or whole foods tend to have lower response
than cooked, chopped, or pureed foods

Answer 29

glycemic index

Question 30

 Abnormally low blood glucose level (less
4.0mmol/L)
 Causes include too much insulin or oral
hypoglycemic agents, too little food, and
excessive physical activity
 Manifestations
 Hypoglycemic symptoms: sweating, tremors,
tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, and
hunger

Answer 30

hypoglycemia

Question 31

Caused by an absence of or inadequate amount of
insulin resulting in abnormal metabolism of
carbohydrate, protein, and fat
 Clinical features
 Hyperglycemia
 Dehydration
 Acidosis
 Manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia, blurred
vision, weakness, headache, anorexia, abdominal
pain, nausea, vomiting, acetone breath,

Answer 31

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 32

is a life-threatening syndrome
that can occur in the patient with DM who is able to produce enough
insulin to prevent DKA but not enough to prevent severe hyperglycemia,
osmotic diuresis, and extracellular fluid depletion
 The main difference between HHS and DKA is that the patient with HHS
usually has enough circulating insulin so that ketoacidosis does not occur.
 HHS produces fewer symptoms in the earlier stages, blood glucose levels
can climb quite high before the condition is recognized. The higher blood
glucose levels increase the more-severe neurological manifestations, such
as somnolence, coma, seizures, hemiparesis, and aphasia

Answer 32

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state