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Med-Surg Nursing > objective 3 (1) > Flashcards

objective 3 (1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A

Protection of vital organs
* Mobility and movement
* Facilitate return of blood to the heart
* Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
* Reservoir for immature blood cells
* Reservoir for vital minerals

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2
Q

what is the structure of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • 206 bones in the body
  • Joints
  • Muscles
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3
Q
  • Attached to bones and other structures by tendons
  • Encased in a fibrous tissue called fascia
  • Contraction of muscle causes movement
A

muscles

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4
Q

process of bone formation

A

osteogensis

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5
Q

the process of formation of the bone matrix and deposition of minerals

A

ossification

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6
Q

what are the regulating factors of bones?

A
  • Stress and weight-bearing
  • Vitamin Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
  • Blood supply
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7
Q

what are the age-related changes?

A
  • Effects of musculo-skeletal changes range from mild discomfort and
    decreased ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) to severe,
    chronic pain and immobility.
  • Decreased muscle cells; loss of elasticity in ligaments, cartilage; joint
    problems; decreased bone density
  • Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
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8
Q

what do we include in the assessment?

A

data related to function ability
health history
assessment of pain and altered sensations
physical assessment

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9
Q

Overall impression of the patient’s health status

A

health history

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10
Q

determine bone density, texture, erosion and changes in
bone

A

x-ray studies

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11
Q

performed with or without contrast, shows in
detail a specific plane of involved bone and reveal tumors or soft tissue
injuries

A

computed tomography

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12
Q

uses magnetic fields, radiowaves, and
computers to show alterations of soft tissue with or without contrast

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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13
Q

contrast or air is injected, then x-rayed to identify acute or
chronic tears of the joint capsule

A

arthrography

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14
Q

used to estimate bone density, measures of the hip
and spine are accurate for estimating osteoporosis

A

bone densitometry

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15
Q

detects primary and metastatic tumors, radioisotope is
injected and scan is performed 2-3 hours later

A

bone scan

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16
Q

direct visualization of a joint under general anesthesia

A

arthroscopy

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17
Q

obtains synovial fluid for examination or
relief of pain

A

arthrocentesis

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18
Q

provides information about the electrical potential of
the muscles and the nerves supplying them

A

electromyography

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19
Q

performed to determine structure and composition of bone
marrow, bone, muscle or synovium

A

biopsy

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20
Q

what are the lab studies?

A

mineral metabolism
serological studies
muscle enzymes

21
Q

A rigid, external immobilizing device
*immobilize a reduced fracture
*Correct a deformity
*Apply uniform pressure to soft tissues
*Provide support to stabilize a joint
Materials - nonplaster (fibreglass), plaster

A

casts

22
Q

what do we do for cast care?

A
  • support cast during drying – handle with palms of hands, support
    on a firm surface
  • Leave cast uncovered and exposed to air
  • NEVER use a hairdryer to dry cast- may use fan
  • Assess circulation q 4 hours
23
Q
  • Used for conditions in which rigid immobilization is not
    required, when swelling may be anticipated or special
    skin care required
  • Immobilizes and supports the body, well padded
A

splints

24
Q
  • Used to provide support, control movement, and
    prevent additional injury
  • Custom fitted (plastic, cloth, leather, metal)
A

braces

25
Q
  • Vascular insufficiency and nerve compression due to
    unrelieved swelling
  • Increased tissue pressure within a limited space
  • Cast must be cut to relieve pressure
  • Elevate affected area, no higher than heart level
A

compartment syndrome

26
Q
  • Pressure from a cast or inappropriately applied brace lower
    extremities most susceptible
  • Pain and tightness in the area
  • Drainage, odor may be present
A

pressure ulcers`

27
Q
  • Muscle atrophy, loss of strength
  • Tense muscles to prevent
A

disuse syndrome

28
Q

Pins, plates, rods, screws

A

internal fixation

29
Q
  • Use to manage open fractures with soft tissue damage
  • Metal pins are inserted into the bone and attached to
    external rods
A

external fixator

30
Q
  • Application of a pulling force to part of the body
  • Minimizes/reduces pain and muscle spasms
  • Immobilizes a joint or part of the body
  • Reduces fractures
  • Treat a pathological joint condition (tumour or infection)
A

traction

31
Q

what are the principles of traction?

A
  • Must be continuous, never interrupted
  • Weights not removed
  • Patient must be in good body alignment
  • Ropes unobstructed, weight hang freely
32
Q

applied to the skin, pulling force in a straight line
with the body part resting on the bed (Buck’s)

A

skin traction

33
Q

directly to the bone

A

skeletal traction

34
Q

applied with the hands

A

manual traction

35
Q

Nurse must know weight bearing status and correct
technique if using an assistive device

A

ambulation

36
Q

NWB

A

non weight bearing

37
Q

TTWB

A

toe touch weight bearing

38
Q

WBAT

A

weight bearing as tolerated

39
Q
  • Cane, crutches, transfer belt
  • Type depends on stability needed and safety
A

assistive devices

40
Q

fracture of the proximal third of the femur

A

fractured hip

41
Q

Used to treat severe joint pain &
disability and for repair & management
of joint #’s or joint necrosis
Frequently replaced joints include hip,
knee, & fingers
Joints including shoulder, elbow, wrist,
& ankle may also be replaced

A

joint replacement

42
Q

Infection of the bone, marrow and surrounding tissue that
results in inflammation, necrosis, and formation of new
bone

A

osteomyelitis

43
Q

bone surgery, open fracture or traumatic
injury

A

direct entry

44
Q

ascular insufficiency (diabetes, PVD)
commonly pelvis and vertebrae

A

indirect entry

45
Q
  • soft tissue injury produced by blunt force
  • Hematoma develops
  • Pain, swelling and discoloration of area
A

contusion

46
Q

Caused by excessive stretching of a muscle or tendon

A

strain

47
Q

mild stretching, minor edema, tenderness,
mild muscle spasm, no noticeable loss of function

A

first-degree strain

48
Q

partial tearing of the muscle or tendon,
loss of load-bearing strength, edema, tenderness, spasm and
ecchymosis

A

second-degree strain

49
Q

rupture and tearing of involved tissue, pain,
spasm, ecchymosis, edema, and loss of function

A

third-degree strain

Med-Surg Nursing (13 decks)

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