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Med-Surg Nursing > objective 10 > Flashcards

objective 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

a term used to describe the total number of people who are living with a
diagnosis of cancer

A

prevalence

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2
Q

what are the risk factors of cancer?

A
  • Many well-known and common cancer risk factors are preventable.
  • In addition to tobacco use, known risk factors include excessive body weight,
    lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, alcohol consumption, and
    excessive exposure to the sun.
  • Several of these factors are related to other chronic diseases, such as
    diabetes, kidney failure, chronic obstructive lung disease, and cardiovascular
    disease
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3
Q

what are healthy cells?

A
  • Blood cells
  • Muscle (smooth,
    striated, cardiac) cells
  • Nerve cells
  • Bone cells
  • Cartilage cells
  • Liver cells
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4
Q
  • Have specialized function
    depending on their location
    (differentiated).
  • Cells grow, replicate, and repair
    tissues and organs.
  • Your immune system and your
    genetic material (DNA/RNA)
    regulate these processes.
  • Healthy cells are programmed
    “what to do and when to do it.”
A

healthy cells

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5
Q
  • Mutated cells
  • Cannot regulate their
    replication and pass on the
    genetic mutations.
  • Bear little resemblance to the
    normal cells of tissue from
    which they arose.
  • Don’t do their “original job.”
  • Cell membranes contain
    tumor-specific antigens which
    develop overtime as cell
    become less differentiated.
  • Have invasive characteristics to
    infiltrate other tissues
A

cancer cells

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6
Q

The process of cells developing into
mature healthy cells with explicit characteristics and
capabilities to do a certain function. Fetal cells are less
differentiated but become more differentiated as the
cells mature. When a cell develops mutations, it
becomes less “differentiated,” meaning it looks less
and doesn’t function like the cell it once was or was
meant to be

A

differentitation

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7
Q

process of infiltrating tissue, spreading
from the original development site.

A

metastasis

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8
Q

growth of new capillaries from the host
tissue to “nourish” the cancer cells

A

angiogenesis

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9
Q

transformation of a healthy cell into a
cancer cell

A

carcinogenesis

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10
Q

Abnormal, unrelated cell proliferation
that competes with healthy cells/tissue
for oxygen, nutrients, and space.
Abnormal cell replicate faster than
normal cells, passing on their defective
DNA that do not have regulatory
mechanisms to prevent overgrowth.

A

cancer

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11
Q

new growths of abnormal tissue

A

neoplasms

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12
Q
  • Noninvasive, does not spread
  • Remains localized
  • Noncancerous
  • May cause minor tissue damage
  • Not injurious unless its location causes pressure or obstruction to vital
    organs
A

benign

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13
Q
  • Invasive
  • Spreads or metastasizes
  • When removed, recurrence is more common
  • Death if uncontrolled
A

malignant

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14
Q

what are the 4 classifications of tumors?

A

carcinomas
leukemias
lymphomas
sarcomas

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15
Q
  • Cancer that originates from epithelial tissue
A

carcinomas

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16
Q

glandular epithelium

A

adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

Cancer that originates from organs that from blood

A

leukemias

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18
Q

Cancers that originate from organs that fight infection (lymphoid tissue

A

lymphomas

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19
Q

Cancers that originate from connective tissue such as muscle and bone

A

sarcomas

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20
Q

what are carcinogens>

A

physical agents
chemical agents
diet
viruses
bacteria
genetics
hormones
medical interventions

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21
Q

what are the warning signs of cancer?

A
  • Change in bowel or bladder habits
  • A sore that does not heal
  • Unusual bleeding or discharge
  • Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
  • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • Obvious change in wart or mole
  • Nagging cough or hoarseness
22
Q

determines size of tumor & existence of local invasion and
distant metastasis.

A

staging

23
Q

what is the most common classification system?

A

T: tumor size
N: involvement of lymph nodes
M: presence of metastasis

24
Q
  • Tx primary tumor cannot be assessed
  • T0 No evidence of primary tumor
  • Tis Carcinoma in situ
  • T1, 2, 3 – increasing size and or local extent of the primary tumor
A

primary tumor

25
Q
  • Nx Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
  • N0 no regional lymph node metastasis
  • N1, 2, 3 increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes
A

regional lymph nodes

26
Q
  • Mx distant metastasis cannot be assessed
  • M0 – no distant metastasis
  • M1 distant metastasis
A

distant metastasis

27
Q

cancer is in situ, malignant cells are confined to the tissue of
origin, no signs of metastasis

A

stage 0

28
Q

higher numbers indicate tumor is of greater size and
or has spread to the lymph nodes and or organs near the primary tumor

A

stage I, II, III

29
Q

cancer has spread to other distant parts of the body

A

stage IV

30
Q

what are the 2 classifications of tumors?

A

differentiated
undifferentiated

31
Q

closely resembles normal tissue and is generally easier to treat

A

differentiated

32
Q

does not appear like tissue of origin

A

undifferentiated

33
Q

Cells differ slightly from normal cells (mild dysplasia) and
are well differentiated

A

grade I

34
Q

Cells are more abnormal (moderate dysplasia) and
moderately differentiated

A

grade II

35
Q

Cells are very abnormal (severe dysplasia) and poorly
differentiated.

A

grade III

36
Q

Cells are immature and primitive (anaplasia) and
undifferentiated; the cell of origin is difficult to determine

A

grade IV

37
Q
  • Primary method for diagnosing, staging, treating CA
  • Primary treatment; Debulking
  • Salvage surgery (i.e. lumpectomy – mastectomy)
  • Prophylactic surgery (breast)
  • Palliative (paracentesis, thoracentesis)
  • May be several treatment modalities to achieve the goal or a cure or control
  • Potential effects on clients: postsurgical complications, disfigurement, rehab
A

surgery

38
Q
  • Antineoplastic agents:
  • Interfere with cellular function, reproduction
  • Cell cycle - specific drugs: Treat rapidly growing tumors
  • Cell cycle - nonspecific drugs: Used for large, slow-growing tumors
  • Administration routes & devices
  • Oral, IV, IM, intraperitoneally, intrarterially, intrapleurally, topically
  • Extravasation prevention; Vesicants
A

chemotherapy

39
Q

what are the potential effects of chemo on client?

A
  • Hypersensitivity (type1): 5% chance
  • Extravasation: leak into tissues directly (tissue necrosis)
  • Nausea (first and most common); Stomatitis: mucosal lining of mouth
  • Mucositis: inflammation GI lining
  • Bone marrow suppression (7-14 days post)
  • Sterility
  • Alopecia (temporary or permanent)
  • Renal damage; Heart Failure
  • Peripheral neuropathy, muscle weakness, imbalance
40
Q

High-energy ionizing radiation
* Cause tissue disruption by alteration of the DNA molecule leading to cell
death or formation of free radical and irreversible DNA damage cell
death
* Cells that undergo frequent cell division are more sensitive to radiation

A

radiation therapy

41
Q

High-energy x-rays aimed at specific locations

A

external radiation therapy

42
Q

Short-distance therapy; Uses less radiation; Used alone or in combination

A

internal radiation therapy

43
Q

what are the cumulative SE of radiation?

A
  • Skin reactions: erythema to dry desquamation(flaking), moist
    desquamation (dermis exposed, skin oozing), ulceration
  • Oral: Stomatitis, xerostomia, change and loss of taste, dysphagia
  • Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (if colon in irradiated field)
  • Leukopenia (low wbc) and thrombocytopenia (low platelets)( if bone
    marrow in irradiated field)
44
Q

what are the LT SE of radiation>

A

Fibrosis (thickening os scarring) : small intestine, lungs, & bladder,
Cataracts, Sterility, Blood cell formation disturbances, & New cancers

45
Q

what are the common nursing interventions for chemo and radiation?

A

BITES

46
Q
  • Can be acute or chronic
  • Due to cancer process, treatments
  • Advanced cancer pain is often irreversible and not quickly resolved
    but it is controllable
  • Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches
  • Important to control pain for quality of life and to be aware of
    physical, psychosocial, cultural and spiritual influences
A

pain management

47
Q
  • Most significant and frequent symptom for those receiving
    cancer therapy and the stress of coping
  • Table 18-14
  • Maintaining good nutrition and adequate hydration, alternating
    periods of rest and activity, relying on family members for
    assistance with responsibilities, and managing pain and anxiety
    may help reduce fatigue.
A

fatigue

48
Q
  • Skin is vulnerable to the effects of radiation and chemotherapy.
  • Erythema may develop 1 to 24 hours after a single treatment.
    Erythema is an acute response followed by dry desquamation (Figure
    18.15). If the rate of cellular sloughing is faster than the ability of the
    new epidermal cells to replace dead cells, a wet desquamation occurs,
    with exposure of the dermis and oozing of serum (Figure 18.16).
  • Skin reactions are particularly evident in areas subjected to pressure,
    such as behind the ear and in gluteal folds, the perineum, the breast,
    the collar line, and bony prominences.
A

impaired skin integrity

49
Q
  • Anorexia, malabsorption, cachexia (weakening/wasting of body)
  • Patients with anorexia need to be monitored carefully during
    treatment to ensure that weight loss does not become excessive.
  • Body weight should be measured at least twice weekly. Small,
    frequent meals of high-protein, high-calorie foods are better
    tolerated than large meals
  • Nutritional supplements may be required.
  • Can have physical and psychosocial consequences
  • Advanced stages may need nutritional support via enteral rout
A

nutrition

50
Q

an cause death in a patient whose immune system is
suppressed as a result of cancer treatment.
* Infection occurs as a result of the ulceration and necrosis caused by the
tumour, compression of vital organs by the tumour, and neutropenia
caused by the disease process or the treatment of cancer.
* A critical aspect of nursing care is teaching about infection risk associated with
neutropenia. A patient with a body temperature of 38°C (100.5°F) or higher
should be seen at the hospital or cancer centre as soon as possible.
* Assessment most often includes signs and symptoms of fever,
determination of possible cause, and complete blood cell count.
* The classical manifestations of infection are often not present in a
patient with neutropenia and a depressed immune system.

A

infection

51
Q

what are the psychosocial manifestations of approaching death?

A
  • Altered decision making
    • Anxiety about unfinished business
    • Decreased socialization
    • Fear of loneliness
    • Fear of meaninglessness of one’s life
    • Fear of pain
    • Helplessness
    • Life review
    • Peacefulness
    • Restlessness
    • Saying goodbyes
    • Unusual communication
    • Vision-like experiences
    • Withdrawal

Med-Surg Nursing (13 decks)

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