objective 3 (2)

Question 1

Injury to ligaments that surround a joint, caused by a
twisting motion or hyperextension
* Blood vessels rupture, edema, tenderness and
movement is painful

Answer 1

sprain

Question 2

stretching the ligament fibres,
minimal damage, mild edema, local tenderness, pain

Answer 2

first-degree sprain

Question 3

partial tearing of the ligament, edema,
tenderness, pain with motion, partial loss of normal function

Answer 3

second-degree sprain

Question 4

ligament is completely torn or ruptured,
severe pain, tenderness, increased edema, abnormal joint motion

Answer 4

third-degree sprain

Question 5

Severe injury of ligamentous structures around a joint that
results in complete displacement of the bone from normal
position

Answer 5

joint dislocations

Question 6

partial dislocation, little to no deformity
* If not reduced immediately, avascular necrosis may develop
(Death of bone cells due to inadequate blood supply)

Answer 6

subluxation

Question 7

• When bone loses its blood supply and dies
• Occurs after fracture or disruption of blood supply
• Dislocations, bone transplants, high dose corticosteroids, chronic renal
  disease
• Treatment – bone grafts or prosthetics

Answer 7

avascular necrosis

Question 8

commonly caused by sports related injury, should
be taught warm up exercises

Answer 8

meniscus injury

Question 9

inflammation of the bursa resulting from repeated or
excessive trauma or friction, gout or RA

Answer 9

bursitis

Question 10

a break across the entire cross-section
of bone

Answer 10

complete fracture

Question 11

break through only part
of the cross-section of bone

Answer 11

incomplete fracture

Question 12

does not cause a break in the skin

Answer 12

closed fracture

Question 13

skin is opened,
exposing bone

Answer 13

open frature

Question 14

produces several bone fragments

Answer 14

comminuted fracture

Question 15

what are the early complications of fratures healing and complications?

Answer 15

• Shock – hemorrhage
• Fat embolism syndrome – fat globules occlude small blood vessels, causes
  hypoxia, tachypnea, tachycardia, pyrexia
• Compartment syndrome – discussed previously
• DVT, PE

Question 16

what are the late complications of fractures healing and complications?

Answer 16

Delayed union, malunion and nonunion
* Avascular necrosis
* Reaction to internal fixation devices

Question 17

• Removal of a body part, often an extremity
• Due to: peripheral vascular disease (diabetes), trauma, tumours, congenital
  limb disorders
• Performed at the most distal point – objective is to conserve as much
  extremity length as needed to preserve function and to have a good
  prosthetic fit

Answer 17

amputation

Question 18

what are the complications of amputation?

Answer 18

• Hemorrhage, infection, skin breakdown, phantom limb pain and joint
  contracture
• Phantom limb is caused by the severing of peripheral nerves

Question 19

• Autoimmune reaction occurs in synovial tissue
• Cartilage is destroyed and bone erosion, loss of tendon and
  ligament elasticity
• Swelling and pain come and go – exacerbation and remission

Answer 19

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 20

• Slowly progressive noninflammatory disorder of the
  diarthrodial (synovial) joints
• Risk factors: increasing age, obesity, previous joint damage
• Impacts quality of life
• Progressive loss of joint cartilage
• Occurs most in weight bearing joints

Answer 20

osteoarthritis

Question 21

• Genetic defect of purine metabolism that results in hyperuricemia (uric
  acid)
• Accumulation of uric acid crystals in one or more joints
• Incidence increases with age and BMI
• Prolonged fasting, excess intake of foods high in purines, heredity

Answer 21

gout

Question 22

• Sudden onset of pain
• Swelling of affected limb
• Warmth of affected limb
• Skin discoloration (redness)
• foot and ankle exercises every 1 to 2 hours while awake to help
  prevent

Answer 22

deep vein thrombosis