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Perception and cognition > Object perception - HLP1 > Flashcards

Object perception - HLP1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Gestalt’s grouping principals? (5)

A
  • similarity
  • proximity
  • closure
  • good continuation
  • common fate
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2
Q

What is figure-ground?

A

An area bound by closure is seen as a separate object. Contours are seen as belonging to one object at a time

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3
Q

What is the purpose of Marr’s model of recognition?

A

proposing reasons for why Gestalt’s principals happen

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4
Q

What are the 3 stages of Marr’s model of recognition? Briefly describe what happens in them

A
  • primal sketch (2D representation of luminance)
  • 2 1/2 D sketch (depth, orientation, shading, texture, motion binocular disparity - viewpoint dependent)
  • 3D model (viewpoint invariant)
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5
Q

What is the principal axis?

A

The biggest cylinder that makes up an object

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6
Q

How do you recognise an object according to Marr? (3 stages)

A
  • Identify the principal axis
  • work through smaller and smaller cylinders
  • match with 3D models in memory to the closest match
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7
Q

What 2 things does Marr’s model of recognition predict?

A
  • visibility of the principal axis is important
  • different orientations are equally easy to recognise
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8
Q

What is a problem with Marr’s model of recognition?

A

Many objects are hard to recognise if they are upside down or the principal axis is pointed towards the viewer

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9
Q

What are the 4 stages in Biederman’s recognition by components?

A
  • edge extraction (surface characteristics)
  • detect arrangement of edges (don’t alter with view)
  • segment object into components (parts)
  • determine GEON type for each component
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10
Q

What are GEONS?

A

Different shapes that are found in objects and their arrangement is used for object recognition

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11
Q

What are 3 problems with Biederman’s model?

A
  • doesn’t differentiate between objects in a class (e.g. 2 guinea pigs)
  • doesn’t use surface pattern
  • says recognition is viewpoint invariant but evidence says otherwise
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12
Q

What brain regions are in the object processing pathways?

A

occipital cortex (v1) passes down to the anterior pole of the ventral temporal cortex, or to more dorsal regions to the posterior parietal cortex

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13
Q

What region is necessary for the object discrimination task in monkeys?

A

Temporal lobe - ventral pathway (what)

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14
Q

What region is necessary for the landmark discrimination task in monkeys?

A

parietal lobe - dorsal pathway (where)

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15
Q

What damage causes object agnosia?

A

Ventral lateral temporal cortex

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of object agnosia? How do they do in the object posting task?

A

inability to recognise objects (but can describe/draw from memory well)
Can’t match the hand well but can post the object well

17
Q

What happens in Titchener circles illusion?

A

people think the middle circles are different sizes but they are actually the same - influenced by the surrounding array
but they will reach with the correct grip

18
Q

What can you conclude from Titchener circles illusion?

A

Perception is affected by the illusion but grip aperture is not, so object analysis for action is separate from conscious perception of the object

19
Q

What are the symptoms of optic ataxia? (4)

A
  • difficulty with visually guided reaching tasks
  • difficulty reaching in the right direction
  • difficulty positioning fingers correctly towards an object
  • little relationship between grip aperture and object size
20
Q

Where in the brain is affected in optic ataxia?

A

parietal cortex - dorsal visual processing

21
Q

What is the role of the Lateral Occipital Cortex (LOC) in object recognition?

A

Identity representation
Location-tolerant object information and object-tolerant location information

22
Q

what did Hubel and Wiesel find in the visual cortex of the cat and monkey?

A
  • simple cells that orient to a bar of light at a certain angle
  • complex cells that respond to an oriented bar of light anywhere
  • hypercomplex cells that respond to bars of light of the correct length
23
Q

What do each of these respond to: V1, V2, V4, posterior inferotemporal cortex, anterior inferotemporal cortex?

A
  • v1 = edges
  • v2 = contours
  • v4 = colour and shape
  • PIT = simple features
  • AIT = specific elaborate features
24
Q

How does cell selectivity position itself in the inferotemporal cortex?

A
  • columns that will like a specific thing, e.g. a star column
  • posterior cells are orientation and size specific
  • anterior cells are less sensitive to orientation and size
25
Q

What are the 3 layers in the hierarchical model of object recognition?

A
  • V1 = simple stuff
  • V2 = more complex
  • PIT = most complex
26
Q

What are 5 positives of the hierarchical model of object recognition?

A
  • anatomically and physiologically plausible
  • based on earlier hierarchical models
  • copes with viewpoint dependence/independence
  • incorporates theories of learning - familiarity = recognise from novel viewpoints
  • copes with multiple objects and in different contexts
27
Q

How would bottom-up processing work in object recognition?

A

start from low level features and move up to more detail until you reach the correct shape to match something in memory

28
Q

How would top-down processing work in object recognition?

A

start with the general context and find things that would fit there and match the best one

29
Q

How can top-down and bottom-up processing work together to have optimal object recognition? What models suggest this?

A

context can inhibit or excite certain things to make it easier for the bottom-up process to solve any ambiguity
bidirectional processing models

30
Q

Which is more important: top-down or bottom-up processing in object recognition? Why?

A

Top-down as there are more descending connections than ascending

31
Q

What is the word superiority effect?

A

detecting a letter is easier when it is in a word

32
Q

At what age do babies start to show object permanence?

A

6 months

33
Q

Where in the brain activates when perceiving the similarity of objects?

A

ventral visual cortex

34
Q

What order is the hierarchy of how we group objects as similar in Cichy’s study?

A
  • colour
  • shape
  • background, free-arrangement
35
Q

What is a convolutional neural network?

A

AI pattern recognition for images, based on biological processes in the visual cortex of animals
uses probabilities that something matches something else

Perception and cognition (15 decks)

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