Attention in the real world - A4 Flashcards
What happened in the study about driving while on the phone? (3)
- people were slower to brake, braked for longer and took longer to slow down in both high and low density traffic
- also they were worse at a surprise recognition test
- a lot worse at parking than people having in-car conversations
What was found in the study about texting while driving?
- slower braking, more varied following distances, more failure to maintain lane
Why might texting be worse for driving than hands-free phone conversations?
- texting draws on the same modality as driving
- texting involves more attention switching between driving and typing
What was found in the study about walking while on the phone?
- more changing direction, weaving, less acknowledgement of others
- ignored a unicycling clown
What do workload models focus on? (3)
- the demands of the task
- the availability of mental resources
- the impact of these on task outcome
What does Wickens’ model of multi-tasking suggest?
- separate resources split into different areas within the model
- stages of processing - how far down the cognitive system is the process that underlies the task
- codes of processing - spatial vs verbal (similar to WM)
- modalities - visual vs auditory
- tasks that make demands on different resources should be performed better than tasks drawing on the same resources
What did Wickens find when giving pilots instructions by sound or text?
They performed flying better for sound and scanned information about the outside world better
drawing from different resources/modalities
but there were a number of read-back errors for sound
What happened when students were texted during a ted talk?
they performed worse on an MCQ test after, especially stuff from the last quarter
What determines how people search X-rays properly and effectively? (2)
- elements of the visual scene
- expertise
What do experts tend to do when looking at chest x-rays compared to non-experts?
- fixate quicker on abnormalities
- spend less time on non-salient structures
- have different search patterns (systematic, look at abnormality first then look round to compare, global/focal searching)
How were students and experts the same and different when looking at different types of abnormalities in chest x-rays?
- both looked at specific areas in focal images and dispersed search in diffuse images
- students had higher fixation durations for normal images than experts and less global/local pattern or search
What happens when experts are shown x-rays for 200ms?
- they detect abnormalities at 70% accuracy and before any eye movement
- they can’t give specific judgements
How does the quick presentation x-ray search result apply to Wolfe’s model?
- non-selective pathway provides the gist, which is the identification that there is an anomaly
- the selective pathway would provide the detail but can’t in this case because there is not enough time
What happens when baggage scanners search for a target over many trials?
they get better at finding it, but were still not as good at novel targets (no improved foraging)
Why is baggage scanning difficult for search?
the search is disorganised (things are always in different places) so it is difficult to develop a gist
