Emotion and learning - CE3 Flashcards
What are primary reinforcers?
they are automatic and do not have to be learned, such as food and water being good and survival instincts
what are secondary reinforcers?
things that can be used to get primary reinforcers/are associated with them - e.g. money
What are the 2 types of emotional classical conditioning?
- autonomic conditioning - bodily responses
- evaluative conditioning - conscious preference
What happens when you condition people with a shock when a blue square is presented?
There is a skin conductance response to the shock and blue square
They will explicitly say that the blue square = shock
they will rate a red square (that is presented without shocks) more favourably than the blue square and even better than a neutral square
What happens to people with amygdala damage in terms of emotional classical conditioning?
they have no automatic physical response, but will explicitly report the association
What happens to people with hippocampus damage in terms of emotional classical conditioning?
they have no explicit report of the association, but do have a physiological response
What happens after extinction?
- the automatic physiological response goes away
- there is still a preference for the non-shock stimulus (evaluative response) for a long time
How can classical conditioning be used in advertising?
- sexy man associated with coffee
- physiological response to sexy man
- evaluative response to coffee remains after not seeing the sexy man for a while
what happens when an emotional word flashes up unperceivably quickly after a nonsense word?
people rate the nonsense word based on how positive or negative the emotional word is
What happened when participants were given signals to let them know how much reward they would get for the next task?
they performed better when there was a reward compared to no reward
How did men react in the experiment when told level of reward and type of reward (face or token)?
reacted faster to cues with money reward than social reward, and reacted slowest when there was no reward or a low reward
How did women react in the experiment when told level of reward and type of reward (face or token)?
no RT difference for incentive type or magnitude
How did men and women differ in brain activation when anticipating rewards?
- higher activation of reward network for higher levels of reward, independent of incentive type
- men had a wide network of mesolimbic brain activation for monetary rewards but not social rewards
What happened in the striatum when Japanese participants were given money rewards or social (complements) rewards? Where was activated for social rewards?
Both activated it (caudate nucleus and putamen activates) - high reward = higher activation in both types of reward
Social rewards activated the mPFC
How do monkeys show evidence for observational learning?
They aren’t scared of snakes in the zoo until a scared monkey comes along and they observe this fear, then they themselves become scared without any actual negative thing happening to them
What is the chameleon effect?
people unconsciously and non-strategically mimic the postures of people they interact with, resulting in prosocial behaviour
What happens when a waitress copies back the order?
she gets more tips
What happens when participants are mimicked in a mock marketing task?
they are more likely to pick up a pen and donate to charity
What are zygomaticus and corrugator emotional muscles?
z = positive
c = negative
What happens in facial muscles when people see angry or happy faces?
they move the same muscles associated with the expression
Is mimicry automatic? How do we know this?
yes, it seems to be - we do it when a face is completely irrelevant to the task we are doing, and when the face is subliminal so we aren’t aware of it
What happens in the brain when we get a shock to the hand or view someone else get a shock to the hand?
the reactions overlap in the anterior cingulate cortex and the insula
What is the mere exposure effect?
by passively viewing stimuli they become preferred
Why might the mere exposure effect happen?
being able to subconsciously identify the stimulus is rewarding
What does the perceptual fluency model suggest?
- after exposure to a stimulus we process it more fluently
- we detect this subtle change in fluency and find it rewarding
- this positive emotion is attributed to the stimulus
when is mere exposure most effective?
when people are unaware that it is happening
