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OBGYN Flashcards

1
Q

Paradoxical Bradycardia

A

In a patient w/ a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, you would expect the patient to be tachycardia and hypotensive (blood loss into peritoneal cavity). BUT instead the blood irritates the peritoneum, causing a vagal response (bradycardia).

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2
Q

Common symptoms of pre-eclampsia?

A

Headaches, visual changes, dyspnea, epigastric pain, face/hand swelling, hyper-reflexes

Caused by endothelial defects in the placenta leading to increased blood pressure

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3
Q

Bartholin gland cyst/abscess

A

Vulvar mass at 5:00 or 7:00 positions

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4
Q

Prenatal testing at 16-20 weeks?

A

Neural tube defects, Down syndrome, trisomies (PAPP-A), bHCG, nuchal translucency

PAPP-A = pregnancy-associated plasma protein A

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5
Q

Prenatal testing at 26-28 weeks?

A

Gestational diabetes

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6
Q

Prenatal testing 35-37 weeks?

A

Group B strep

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7
Q

Most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage?

….if the uterus is firm?

A

Uterine atony (normally, contraction of the uterus compresses the vasculature and stops bleeding) –> first step in assessment is uterine massage to check if the uterus is boggy

Genital tract laceration, usually involving the cervix

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8
Q

Symptoms of uterine fibroids?

A

*Dyspareunia
Lower abdominal pain
Dysuria/decreased frequency (obstruction of ureters via fibroids)
Problems deficating (obstruction of bowel from fibroids)
Irregular vaginal bleeding (metorrhagia)

Cause of post-menopausal bleeding

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9
Q

Most common cause of vaginal discharge in pre-menarche child/adolescent?

A

Foreign object in vagina

Diagnose: nasal speculum while child is asleep/anesthesia (they won’t comply if awake)

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10
Q

Uses for Magnesium in pregnancy?

A

1) In severe pre-eclampsia as seizure prophylaxis

2) In preterm premature labor/deliveries, it can help aid in neurodevelopment in the fetus to prevent cerebral palsy

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11
Q

HPV types for Genital Herpes?

A

6, 11

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12
Q

HPV types for cervical cancer?

A

16, 18

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13
Q

Why gestational diabetes (uncontrolled) results in big baby?

A

Physiologic changes in pregnancy cause mom to be insulin-insensitive –> increased blood glucose levels in mom & cross placenta to baby –> baby produces more insulin to deal w/ high sugars –> insulin similar in structure to GH –> essentially increased GH and baby grows too much

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14
Q

How OCP’s treat acne?

A

Acne caused by increased testosterone in females

Estrogen in OCP’s increase production of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) –> SHBG binds any free hormones in circulation (testosterone) –> there is now DECREASED FREE testosterone levels –> free testosterone is what causes acne & hair thinning

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15
Q

Signs of cholestasis in pregnancy?

A

ITCHING in hands

Check bile acids

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16
Q

Adolescent w/ very heavy periods & also has bleeding in gums when brushing her teeth?

A

von Willebrands disease

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17
Q

First sign of chorioamnionitis?

A

Fetal tachycardia

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18
Q

Fetal infection causing conjunctivits & pneumonia?

A

Chlamydia

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19
Q

2 vitamins lacking in breast milk?

A

Vitamin D & K

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20
Q

Cause of 1st trimester abortions?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

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21
Q

Fetal structural complication of uncontrolled gestational diabetes?

A

Sacral agenesis & LE malformations (Caudal Regression Syndrome)

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22
Q

Obese woman presents w/ shortness of breathe and crampy abdominal pain. All prior exams have been normal. Her appetite has been decreasing w/ early satiety. On physical exam, she gets dyspneic after prolonged talking. She has crackles at the lower R lung base. Pelvic & abd exams are normal. CXR shows R pleural effusion. Labs showed low Hgb, low Albumin, Na, & K. An abdominal CT showed ascites in the abdomen and a 7-cm right pelvic mass. What are you thinking?

A

Ovarian cancer - Meigs Syndrome!!!

Meigs Syndrome is a triad of:

 1) Ascites
 2) Pleural effusion
 3) Ovarian mass
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23
Q

Treatment for placental abruption?

A

Emergent C-section!

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24
Q

Woman w/ placental abruption has emergent C-section, but continues to drop her BP (60/40). She was already given 2 L LR. What is next best step in management?

A

Transfuse w/ PRBC

Class 4 hemorrhagic shock: persistent hypotension + tachycardia

Secondary to intrauterine blood loss and resultant hypovolemic shock –> stop bleeding and replace blood

Crystalloids are always temporary measure to improve BP; only 1/3 of volume remains in intravascular space (not indicated for advanced shock)

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25
Q

7 month pregnant woman suddenly develops intra-abdominal bleeding and her pressures rapidly drop. What is most common cause of her intra-abdominal bleeding?

A

Visceral artery aneurysm involving SPLENIC artery –> tend to rupture during pregnancy

May see “signet ring sign” on plain film when the calcified aneurysm is seen as radio-opaque in RUQ

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26
Q

Pregnant woman in 10 week’s gestation has occasional nausea, but has no other symptoms. Urine dipstick is (+) for nitrites & leukocyte esterase and urine culture shows 100,000 cfu of E. coli. What is appropriate treatment?

A

Association b/w asymptomatic bacteriuria & preterm delivery/low birth wt

  • All pregnant women w/ asymptomatic bacteriuria should be treated w/ Abx:
    • Nitrofurantoin
    • Cefalexin
    • Amoxicillin
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27
Q

What hormone is abnormal in Turner syndrome?

What cardiac anomaly is associated w/ Turner syndrome?

A

HIGH FSH –> ovarian dysgenesis causes low estrogen levels –> lack of negative feedback on FSH from pituitary –> high FSH

Coarctation of aorta (high BP in UE; low BP in LE)

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28
Q

14 yo with heavy periods that are often irregular and prolonged when they do occur. Menarche at age 13. Most common cause for this menorrhagia?

A

Anovulatory cycles

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29
Q

What are symptoms pointing to PCOS?

What is best screening test?

A

Menstrual irregularities
Male-pattern baldness
Obesity

*Oral glucose tolerance test –> increased risk of insulin resistance and T2DM

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30
Q

S/S of uterine fibroids?

Surgical treatment?

A

Firm, enlarged, irregularly shaped uterus
Dyspareunia
Heavy periods (anemia)

Tx: still wanting children = myomectomy
done with children = hysterectomy

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31
Q

In HELLP syndrome, what is best treatment?

A

Stabilize patient with anti-HTN & Mg (seizure prophylaxis)
Plan for induction w/ vaginal delivery

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32
Q

Person with preeclampsia is given mag sulfate ad hydralazine for treatment. Afterwards, she develops hyporeflexia and slowed respirations. Why?

A

Toxicity of Magnesium Sulfate –> decreased reflexes and resp depression

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33
Q

Exposure to what is associated with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix?

A

DES exposure

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34
Q

Women with normal BMI should gain how much wt during pregnancy?

A

15-25 lbs

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35
Q

Sudden onset of unilateral lower abdominal pain immediately after strenuous activity or sex?

What will pelvic ultrasound show?

A

Ruptured ovarian cyst

Free fluid in pelvis

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36
Q

Define:

1) Complete abortion
2) Incomplete abortion
3) Missed abortion
4) Threatened abortion
5) Inevitable abortion

A

1) complete expulsion of ALL products of conception BEFORE 20 weeks gestation
2) partial expulsion of SOME but not all products of conception before 20 weeks gestation
3) death of a fetus before 20 weeks w/ complete retention of products of conception
4) Intrauterine bleeding before 20 weeks gestation WITHOUT dilation of cervix or expulsion of any products of conception
5) Retained products of conception (can be visualized) but bleeding and 2cm dilated cervix

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37
Q

Most effective post-coital contraceptive, but it’s dependent on a certain condition?

A

Copper IUD ONLY if placed within 5 days of sex

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38
Q

What tests are indicated in the initial prenatal visit?

A 
CBC
ABO & Rh status
Hepatitis B
Syphilis
Rubella
HIV
Urinalysis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
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39
Q

What medications are advised for HTN control in pregnancy?

A

Methyldopa
Labetalol
CCB/Hydralazine

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40
Q

What is pseudocyesis?

A

Woman with signs/symptoms of pregnancy (amenorrhea, enlargement of breasts and abdomen, morning sickness, wt gain, sensation of fetal movement) and reported pregnancy test as (+).

On Ultrasound –> normal endometrial stripe and office pregnancy test is (-)

41
Q

Vulvar lesions with pink color and teardrop shape that completely resolve with the use of trichloroacetic acid - what are they?

A

HPV warts (condoloma acuminata)

Tx with tricholoacetic acid or podophyllin

42
Q

In primary amenorrhea what is assumed when breast development has NOT occurred?

What is the best INITIAL test?

What is the hormone to be tested? Why?

A

Estrogen is decreased

*Pelvic ultrasound –> see if internal female organs present

*FSH
If high = peripheral cause
If low = central cause

43
Q

28 yo woman has Pap smear and results showed ASCUS. What is next best step? After that?

A

HPV testing

If HPV (+) --> colposcopy
If HPV (-) --> repeat cytology and HPV in 3 years
44
Q

Woman has premature ovarian failure from chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. What would her FSH, LH and FSH/LH ratio be?

A

FOLLICLES in ovary are woman’s main source of ESTROGEN –> if ovaries are “failing” they are not producing follicles and estrogen –> estrogen normal inhibits FSH and LH

  • Both FSH and LH are HIGH b/c of no (-) feedback
  • *FSH is higher (remains in blood longer)
45
Q

Woman is 28 weeks gestation with her first child. She recently developed coarse facial hair above her lip and on her chest and gained 5 lbs over the last 2 months. What is it?
What is best test to confirm?
Risks to fetus and mom?
Tx?

A

Luteoma of pregnancy (benign)

New-onset hirsutism and acne in pregnant woman

Ultrasound is gold standard –> B/L ovarian masses

Usually regress after delivery
High risk of virilization to FEMALE fetus

Monitor and US evaluation

46
Q

Person has oligomenorrhea (every 2-3 months) and hyperandrogenism (high testosterone, hirsutism). What are you thinking?

What is best initial treatment? Why?

A

PCOS

Wt loss
Estrogen/progesterone (OCP) contraceptives
- Regulate menses
- Prevent pregnancy
**Lower serum androgens –> OCPs INCREASE production of SHBG = binds extra free testosterone and DECREASES overall free testosterone level (active form)
- Block adrenal androgen production, LH secretion, and LH-dependent ovarian androgen production –> reduce hirsutism

47
Q

Post-menopausal woman is shown to have R adnexal mass on physical exam. What 2 tests should be done regardless?

A

1) Transvaginal ultrasound
2) Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) level

If CA-125 increased = ? ovarian cancer
If US shows simple cyst and CA-125 normal = follow conservatively

48
Q

What are 3 important side effects of OCPs?

What commonly thought s/e if NOT true?

A

1) Breakthrough bleeding (decreased levels of estrogen in some pills)
2) HTN
3) Risk of venous thromboembolism

*Wt gain NOT a s/e!

49
Q

How does PCOS lead to anovulation?

A

Abnormal GnRH secretion = HIGH LH and low FSH

 - High LH = excess testosterone production --> hirsutism, acne, virilizaiton
 - Low FSH = no development of follicles/ovulation
50
Q

When is Rhogam (anti-Rh factor) given in pregnancy?

A

Only to Rh(-) moms

1) 28-32 weeks gestation
2) Within 72 hours of delivery

51
Q

What findings indicate severe pre-eclampsia?

A 
*Elevated BP (>140/90) in previously normotensive pt & proteinuria
OR
end-organ injury
    - Low platelets
    - Elevated creatinine (renal insuff)
    - Elevated LFTs
    - Neurologic s/s (reflexes, altered mental status)
    - Pulmonary edema
52
Q

What 2 areas must be addressed in treatment of severe preeclampsia?

A

1) HTN –> hydralazine or labetalol

2) Seizure risk –> magnesium sulfate

53
Q

All sexually active women under 24 yo should be screened for what disease(s)?
What test is used?

A

Chlamydia & Gonorrhea –> can cause cervicitis, which may be asymptomatic & eventually lead to PID

Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)

54
Q

2 features of Kallmann syndrome?

A

Anosmia/hyposmia

Low/no GnRH secretion (low LH & FSH)

55
Q

3 months after delivery of her child, woman still has frequent episodes of dark bloody vaginal discharge. She also has enlarged uterus. CXR shows multiple b/l infiltrates of varying sizes. What is the best next test?

A

b-HCG –> r/o choriocarcinoma!

*Irregular vaginal bleeding beyond 8 weeks postpartum = suspicious for Gestational Trophoblastic disease

Choriocarcinoma is highly metastatic, esp lungs!

56
Q

What should be suspected in any postpartum woman with pulmonary symptoms and multiple nodules on CXR?

How to confirm?

A

Choriocarcinoma!

Elevated B-HCG

57
Q

What is the cutoff for gestational HTN and preeclampsia?

A

More than 20 weeks gestation

58
Q

Most important risk factor for abruptio placentae?

A

HTN

59
Q

In severe pre-eclampsia, what is the best treatment in regards to delivery?

A

Augment labor –> ONLY do C-section if originally indicated

60
Q

Mammary gland enlargement, whitish vaginal discharge, and mild vaginal bleeding are seen in a newborn. What is this from and what tx is needed?

A

Physiologic response to transplacental maternal estrogen exposure

Normal response

61
Q

How is blood pressure affected by OCPs?

Their effect on endometrial and ovarian cancer?

A

Cause HTN!

REDUCE endometrial cancer –> due to progestin in OCPs
REDUCE ovarian cancer –> due to ovulation suppression

62
Q

What disorder is characterized by increased Inhibin A? What else is increased?

What condition had low b-HCG and Inhibin A?

What condition has high aFP?

A

Trisomy 21 - also have high b-HCG

Trisomy 18

Neural tube defects

63
Q

Woman with no prior skin conditions has an eczematous rash over nipple/areola that has not improved with topical treatments. What is it?

What associated finding is present?

A

Paget disease of the breast

Underlying ADENOCARCINOMA that has spread via lymphatics and mammary glands to skin surface

64
Q

In secondary amenorrhea (had menarche), after a b-HCG, what is the appropriate test to perform?

A

After pregnancy, need to r/o other causes of amenorrhea:

**Prolactin, TSH, FSH levels

65
Q

3 maternal conditions responsible for neonatal polycythemia at birth?

A

Pre-eclampsia (in-utero hypoxia)
Smoking (in-utero hypoxia)
Maternal diabetes (poor placental gas exchange)

66
Q

Is leukocytosis and shaking chills normal during and immediately following delivery?

A

Yes - these and vaginal discharge (lochia) are normal findings

67
Q

Frequency of mammography?

A

Every 2 years starting age 50 up to age 75

68
Q

Is there a risk in giving or recently having the rubella vaccine (or MMR) if you recently discovered you are pregnant?

A

NO - the rubella vaccine has not been found to cause significant fetal harm

The wild-type rubella is dangerous

69
Q

Why do obese women have less menopausal s/s than normal wt women?

A

During childbearing years, estrogen production is mainly in the OVARIES

During menopause, ovaries stop making estrogen –> there is aromatase in peripheral fat and this causes additional estrogen formation during these years and lessens the side effects of menopause

70
Q

Any woman over 35 yo should be offered what testing?

When?

A

Cell-free fetal DNA testing of maternal plasma

> 10 wks

71
Q

35 yo woman w/ history of breast surgery has retracted R nipple with fixed mass on upper quadrant of breast. Mammogram shows coarse calcifications and FNA reveals foamy macrophages with fat globules. What is this?

A

Fat necrosis of the breast

*Fat globules and foamy histiocytes

No treatment needed –> self-limited condition

72
Q

Role of hCG in early pregnancy?

A

Maintain corpus luteum in order to continue progesterone secretion until placenta can take over

73
Q

27 yo woman comes in with 1yr history of infertility and mild chronic pelvic pain. Exam shows enlarged L adnexa and ultrasound shows homogeneous cystic-appearing mass on L ovary. What is the diagnosis?

A

Endometriosis

Infertility with chronic pelvic pain and ovarian mass

Infertility because of inflammation and adhesions in fallopian tubes and uterus

74
Q

What type of decelerations are SYMMETRIC to contractions and the nadir of the deceleration corresponds to the peak of the contraction?

What are causes?

A

Early decelerations

Fetal head compression

75
Q

Type of deceleration whose onset is delayed compared to the contraction. The nadir of the deceleration occurs after peak of the contraction?

Causes?

A

Late decelerations

Uteroplacental insufficiency
Fetal hypoxia
Fetal acidosis

76
Q

Type of deceleration that can be (but not necessarily) associated with contractions. They are usually abrupt (

A

Variable decelerations

Umbilical cord compression
Oligohydramios
Cord prolapse out of uterus (into vagina)

77
Q

Tamoxifen has 2 dangerous complications?

A

1) Increased risk of endometrial cancer

2) Increased risk of venous thrombosis

78
Q

How does pregnancy effect thyroid levels?

A

*b-HCG stimulates thyroid hormone production –> increased T4 and T3
b-HCG shares common a-subunit with TSH

  • Increased estrogen levels –> increased levels of SHBG and TBG –> binds more thyroid hormone in the blood –> have slight increase in T4 & T3 levels
  • The increased T4/T3 causes DECREASED TSH levels
79
Q

What is a common cause for IUGR?

A

Maternal HTN

80
Q

What characterizes arrest of labor?

A

No cervical change for:
>4hrs with adequate contractions
>6hrs with inadequate contractions

81
Q

How does epidural anesthesia affect the bladder?

Tx?

A

Impairs afferents and efferents from bladder –> can’t sense bladder fullness and contract the bladder voluntarily

Results in urinary retention and overflow incontinence

Tx: short-term indwelling catheter

82
Q

Post-menopausal woman has vulvar itching and the vulvar skin is thin, dry, and white in color. What is it?

Tx?

What complication must you r/o?

A

Lichen sclerosus

Tx: corticosteroid cream (inflammatory condition)

SCC (biopsy)

83
Q

Woman with hirsutism and amenorrhea also has enlarged clitoris and temporal balding. What is the best way to differentiate b/w ovarian or adrenal cause of excess androgen synthesis?

A

Testosterone, DHEAS

DHEAS = sulfated form of DHEA that is ONLY made from adrenals

High testosterone, normal DHEAS = ovary
High DHEAS, normal testosterone = adrenal

84
Q

Best option for post-coital contraception?

A

Levonorgestrel/ulipristal –> delays ovulation

85
Q

Adolescent with acute abnormal uterine bleeding - what is the best initial treatment?

A

High-dose estrogen (moderate-severe bleeding)

86
Q

If mom has hx of Hep C, what should be given during the prenatal hx?

A

Hep A + Hep B vaccines (inactivated) if not already received

*NEVER give ribivarin for Hep C if pregnant = teratogenic

87
Q

In a NST, what is “normal”?

A

2+ FHR accelerations w/in a 20-minute period

88
Q

In women with suspected PID, what other tests should be performed?

A

HIV
Syphilis (RPR)
Hep B
Pap smear

89
Q

Sign of placenta previa?

Risk factors?

A

PAINLESS 3rd trimester vaginal bleeding

*Prior C-section

90
Q

When should you suspect antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?

What findings are present on labs?

Tx?

A

*Hx multiple spontaneous abortions

Labs: low platelets, prolonged PTT

Tx: LMWH

91
Q

Postpartum mom who fails to lactate and has history a excessive blood loss during delivery?

A

Sheehan syndrome

*Also may have signs of hypothyroidism/hypogonadism

92
Q

Best test for suspected intra-uterine fetal demise?

A

Real-time ultrasonography –> demonstrate absence of fetal movement and cardiac activity

93
Q

If IUFD occurs, and it is the first time occurring, what is the best course of action?

A

Autopsy of fetus and placenta to determine the cause

94
Q

15 yo girl has not had her first period yet. She has a short vagina, no uterus, and 2 normal sized ovaries on US. What is the cause?

A

Mullerian agenesis –> congenitally absent uterus, cervix, upper vagina

95
Q

Maternal C/I to breastfeeding?

Only neonate C/I to breastfeeding?

A

Untreated TB
Maternal HIV infection
Herpetic breast lesions
Varicella infection

96
Q

What must be checked in someone with PPROM?

A

Check GBS status –> give penicillin to prevent transmission

97
Q

Women with PCOS have what 2 common symptoms?

At risk for what cancer?

A

Menstrual irregularities + hyperandrogenism

*Endometrial cancer –> constant and excessive estrogen causes mitogenic stimulation of endometrium

98
Q

Woman with previous C-section is in labor and suddenly develops diffuse abdominal pain, fetal HR decelerations, and the fetus moves from station 0 to station -2. What is the cause?

A

Uterine rupture

*Loss of fetal station = suspect uterine rupture

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