Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NHD > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

Which individual, social and environmental factors may cause obesity?

A

Individual, social and environmental factors that may cause obesity:
Individual: Genetics, appetite control, emotions, knowledge and skills, portion choice, food choice
Social: Family, friends, peers, community and culture, income
Environmental factors: Portions from restaurants, costs, food accessibility (distance, opening times), food availability and exposure (types of shops around, foods in local shops more energy dense), food content (nutrition), advertising and marketing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the BMI cut off points for adult ASIAN populations in relation to T2D? (Lancet 2004)

A

BMI cut off points for adult ASIAN populations in relation to T2D(Lancet 2004):
- <18.5 kg/m2: Underweight
- 18.5- 23 kg/m2: Increasing but acceptable risk
- 23- 27.5 kg/m2: Increased risk
- > 27.5: High risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the prevalence of adult obesity in the UK

A

Obesity UK prevalence:
-2021 to 2022, 25.9% of adults aged 18 years and over in England were estimated to be living with obesity.

  • 2021 to 2022, the prevalence of adults living with obesity similar among women (26.1%) and men (25.8%).
  • The prevalence of adults living with obesity varies by age in England, with adults aged between 45 and 74 years having a higher estimated prevalence than the England average.
  • prevalence of adults living with obesity remains highest amongst those who identified as black (33.7%) or white British (27.3%).
  • Out of every 1000 adults in England: 259 are obese, 379 are overweight, 362 are neither overweight or obese
  • Lowest adult obesity in London
  • Highest adult obesity in North East England
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Obesity global prevalence

A

Obesity global prevalence:
- Highest in the US: 43%
- UK 28%
- Lowest in Japan: 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Childhood obesity prevalence UK (Year 6)

A

Childhood obesity prevalence UK (Year 6)
- One in four children (26%) in Year 6 were obese or severely obese in the 2020/21 school year ( Nuffield Trust 2023)
- Highest prevalence in London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Childhood obesity prevalence

A

Childhood obesity prevalence:
- 1 in 10 children is obese by age 5, rising to 23% by age 11
- Deprived children are more likely to be obese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Behavioural factors which may cause Obesity

A

Behavioural factors which may cause obesity:
- Fast food consumption
- Consumption of unhealthy processed food
- High fat diets
- Snacking
- Alcohol consumption
- Weight gain associated with cessation of smoking
- Disorganised eating patterns and eating disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Leptin?

A

Leptin:
- Candidate monogenic gene
- Satiety hormone: regulates food intake. Makes you feel full

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happened when Leptin was injected into obese mice?

A

When Leptin was injected into obese mice that lacked Leptin they stopped eating within 30 minutes and did not eat again for >6.5h.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In obese humans, is Leptin deficiency common?

A

In obese humans, Leptin deficiency is not common.
It is more common for Leptin levels to be higher in obese than in non-obese.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is metabolism a factor of obesity?

A

No, metabolism is not a factor of obesity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Environmental factors which may cause obesity

A

Environmental factors which may cause obesity:
- Advertising and marketing of high density foods and soft drinks
- Social deprivation
- Lifestyle changes (public transport, less walking, more cars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hyperphagia?

A

Hyperphagia= excessive desire to consume food/ excessive eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genetic factors which may cause obesity?

A

Genetic factors which may cause Obesity:
- Prader-Willi syndrome
- Bardet - Biedl syndrome
- Leptin deficiency (rare)
- Polygenic phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Prader Willi syndrome?

A

Prader Willi Syndrome:
- Rare genetic condition
- Caused by deletion of the paternal segment of chromosome 15
- Hyperphagia is a symptom: excessive desire to eat/ excessive eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A study showed what about overweight, obesity and physical activity?

A

A study showed that those who are overweight or obese are less likely to engage in physical activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social factors which may cause obesity?

A

Social factors which may cause obesity:
- Reduction in exercise
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Watching TV (people eat more when they watch TV)
- Computer games
- Sedentary jobs
- Obesity in childhood
- Pregnancy (social view that women are eating for more than one person)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mental factors which may cause obesity

A

Mental factors which may cause obesity:
- Schizophrenia
- Down’s syndrome
- Mental illness
- Learning disabilities
- Eating disorders (binge eating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Physical disability factors which may cause obesity?

A

Physical disability factors which may cause obesity:
- Mobility issues

20
Q

Which physiological factors can contribute to obesity?

A

Physiological factors that may cause obesity:
- Energy intake
- Energy expenditure
- Thrifty gene
- Ethnic tendencies especially if adoption a western lifestyle

21
Q

Conditions that may cause obesity

A

Conditions that may cause obesity:
- Endocrine diseases: hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, growth hormone deficiency, polycystic ovary syndrome

22
Q

What is the definition of obesity?

A

Obesity definition:
- Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health
- BMI: >/= 30.0 kg/m2

23
Q

What is the definition of overweight?

A

Overweight definition: Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health’
(WHO)
BMI: 25.00- 29.99

24
Q

What is the link between obesity and T2D ?

A

Suggested link between obesity and T2D:
- Chronic inflammation
- Altered secretion of adipose derived signalling molecules [In individuals who are obese, higher amounts of NEFAs, glycerol, hormones, and pro-inflammatory cytokines that could participate in the development of insulin resistance are released by adipose tissue]
- Insulin resistance

25
Q

What are some of the health consequences of obesity?

A

Possible obesity health consequences:
- Cardiovascular disease [ due to increased BP> Hypertension, increased inflammation, reduced endothelial function> atherosclerosis, increased fasting & postora dial triglycerides, low Adiponectin> removal of protection from atherosclerosis, increased clotting factors (fibrinogen> thrombosis)]

  • Cancer [due to insulin, Leptin, cell growth factors and steroids, inflammation from obesity is linked to colorectal cancer]
  • Osteoarthritis [ due to increased weight on the joints which leads to articular cartilage destruction]
  • T2D [chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, altered secretion of adipose derived signaling molecules (adipokines)]
26
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Fibrinogen is a blood protein which helps blood to clot.

27
Q

What are adipokines?

A

ADIPOKINES, or adipocytokines are cytokines secreted by adipose tissue. Some contribute to an obesity-related low-grade state of inflammation or to the development of metabolic syndrome,

28
Q

Social factor: If a parent is obese, is it more or less likely for a child to be obese or overweight?

A

If a parent is obese it is more likely for them to have a child that is obese opposed to overweight

29
Q

Social factor: Are children from deprived areas more or less likely to be obese?

A

Children from deprived areas are more likely to be obese than those from less deprived.

[Is it because of food availability, lack of income for nutritious foods, more energy dense foods available/ eaten?]

30
Q

Describe the association between the LEP gene mutation and obesity

A

LEP gene mutation and obesity:
LEP gene codes for Leptin: usually 2 copies
Mutation in both associated with severe obesity
Mutation in one copy has been associated with increased BMI

31
Q

What is an obesogenic environment?

A

Obesogenic environment:
- High amount of manufactured/ processed foods available
- Encourages food consumption

32
Q

Overconsumption of food has been argued to be what?

A

Overconsumption of food has been argued to be passive and determined by the energy density of food.

33
Q

Individual factor: How can food choice encourage obesity?

A

Consumption or preference of palatable foods can promote eating

34
Q

Individual factor: Gut micro biome

A

The gut micro biome may be a factor that promotes obesity. Obese people may have better microbiome efficiency for harvesting energy however it is hard to conclude causation, just shown in animal studies.

35
Q

Environmental factors: How might government policies contribute?

A

Government policies: food labelling rules, advertising laws,

36
Q

Can environmental factors be causes for obesity?

A

Environmental factors cannot be considered as causes for obesity. But they may influence eating habits that lead to obesity

37
Q

Obesogenic environment contributors ?

A

Obesogenic environment contributors:
- Food retailers
- Food service outlets
- Food traditions
- Rules and policies
- Food cost
- Income
- media
- Taxes
- Production

38
Q

What is there no robust evidence for?

A

There is no robust evidence for the association of fast food, recreational area access, presence of infrastructure to support walking/cycling and obesity

39
Q

How much less energy does someone need to consume to maintain weight loss achieved at 6months?

A

170kcal-200kcal per day less than the initial energy-balanced diet is needed to maintain the weight loss achieved at 6months

40
Q

Discuss general prevention and treatment approaches for obesity

A

Discuss general prevention and treatment approaches for obesity:
- Portion control
- Manage stress
- Get enough sleep
- Moderation
- Encourage healthy relationships with food and image
- Promote health foods as tasting good
- Develop individual menus if necessary
- Encourage independence
- Diet change must be realistic and promote a calorie deficit
- Support from health professionals
- Ensure essential nutrient requirements are being met
- 3 classes of diets based on energy: Low calorie, very low calorie, fluid diets.

41
Q

Portion control

A

Portion control:
- Reduce portion sizes
- Put smaller portions on smaller plates to make them appear larger
- Study showed eating from smaller plates/ bowls made people eat less

42
Q

Manage stress

A

Manage stress:
-Chronic stress may lead to overeating, consumption of energy dense foods
- Chronic stress may lead to an increase in visceral adiposity and weight gain
- People respond differently to stress

43
Q

Get enough sleep

A

Get enough sleep:
- Sleep deprivation is linked to increased ghrelin which can increase food cravings. Impairment of lepton which can lead to an increase in fat storage. Insulin resistance and increased cortisol.
- More likely for someone to gain weight if they eat late due not burning the energy after

44
Q

Moderation

A

Moderation:
- Discourage forbidden foods and guilt

45
Q

Encourage healthy relationship with food and image:

A

Encourage healthy relationship with food and image:
- More than what they weigh
- Enquire about reasons for wanting to lose weight
- Collaborate with other health professionals especially a psychologist
- Enquire about messages/ beliefs from friends, family etc.

46
Q

DiRECT study

A

DiRECT study:
- 306 participants aged 20-65 years diagnosed with T2D in the past 6 years. With a BMI of 27-45 kg/m2 (obese, different classes).
- No control group
- No antidiabetic/ anti hypertensive drug taken during study
- Intervention: Total diet replacement of: 825-853kcal/day for 3-5 months. Stepped food reintroduction for 2-8 weeks with structured support for long term weight loss maintenance.
- Results: 75% no longer needed medication. 35% lost 15kg or more.
- Limitations: Not aware of long term outcomes

47
Q

DROPLET study

A

DROPLET study:
- Randomized control trial
- 138 intervention group, 140 usual care group
- Intervention: TDR: 810kcal/day for 8 weeks, 4 weeks of food reintroduction (1000> 1200>1400) + regular behavioural support
- Intervention group lost more weight but reported side effects: headaches, fatigue, constipation

NHD (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions