Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NHD > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

What is pubarche?

A

**Pubarche: **appearance of pubic hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

Adrenarche: expansion of the adrenal cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is menarche?

A

Menarche: When the period/menstruation begins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is** thelarche?**

A

Thelarche: When breasts begin to grow/breast budding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does menarche signal?

A

Menarche signals uterus and ovary maturity.
It doesn’t signal that puberty is over.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Does menarche signal that puberty is over?

A

No, menarche does not signal that puberty is over.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many more centimetres can girls grow following menarche?

A

Following menarche girls can gain an additional 6cm of height after menarche.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Out of adrenarche, pubarche, thelarche and menarche, what do boys or girls experience?

A
  • Boys and girls both experience adrenarche and pubarche.
  • Only girls experience thelarche and menarche.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are good indicators of adolescents nutritional needs?

A

Tanner staging and skeletal age are good indicators for adolescents’ nutritional needs due to varied timing of puberty in children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long does puberty last for?

A

Puberty lasts for 3-4 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

According to WHO, what is the age range of adolescents?

A

According to WHO the age range of adolescents is 10-19 years old.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The onset of puberty is earlier in girls or boys?

A

The onset of puberty is earlier in girls (8-13 years).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Puberty and physical changes

A

Puberty and physical changes
* Growth spurt in height and weight
* Changes in body composition
* Sexual and hormonal development
* Changes in mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Does the growth spurt occur earlier in girls or boys?

A

The growth spurt occurs earlier in girls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In girls, growth acceleration ? pubertal development

A

In girls, growth acceleration precedes pubertal development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

According to Langley-Evans 2019, which hormones play a role in secondary sexual characteristic development in adolescence?

A

Langley-Evans 2019 hormones involved in secondary sexual characteristic development in adolescence:
* Adrenal androgens (secreted from adrenal gland)
* Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GRH) (secreted from hypothalamus)
* Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (secreted from pituitary)
* Luteinizing hormone (LH) (secreted from pituitary)
* Testosterone/Androgens (Testes)
* Oestrogen/Testosterone/ Androgens (Ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is axillary hair?

A

Axillary hair is hair in the armpits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How long does the growth spurt last for?

A

The growth spurt lasts for 2-3 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When does the growth spurt in girls usually occur?

A

The growth spurt in girls usually occurs at thelarche (breast budding).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which hormones play a significant role in bone growth and development?

A

Thyroid hormones play significant roles in the growth and development of bone (Zu et al., 2022). Growth-hormone, insulin-like growth factor, sex steroids, androgens and oestradiol also play a role.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the first puberty indicator in girls?

A

Breast stage 2 is usually the first puberty indicator in girls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the first puberty indicator in boys?

A

Testicular enlargement is usually the first puberty indicator in boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When does puberty usually occur in girls?

A

Puberty usually occurs age 8-13 in girls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When does puberty usually occur in boys?

A

Puberty usually occurs age 9.5-13.5 in boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens during adrenarche?

A

During adrenarche:
* Adrenal cortex expands
* Differentiates into: zona glomerulosa, zona fascuilata, zona reticularis
* Zona reticularis: androgen synthesis: androstenedione and dehydroepiandosteron sulphate which are responsible for the secondary sexual characteristic and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does androgen synthesis from the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex do?

A

Androgen synthesis from the zona reticularis causes the development/materilisation of secondary sexual characteristics and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics and symptoms

A

Secondary sexual characteristics and symptoms
* Pubic hair
* Axillary hair
* Vocal chord changes
* Voice deepening
* Body odour
* Acne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do adolescents have mood swings?

A

Adolescents have mood swings because of the developmental changes in brain activity and to the fluctuations in hormones that happen in their body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Adrenarche and ? are separate processes

A

Adrenarche and** puberty **are separate processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which hormone signals body fatness?

A

Leptin signals body fatness

31
Q

What signals puberty?
What is it driven by?

A

The hypothalamus achieving a regular pulsatile pattern signals puberty. This is driven by leptin and maturation of glutaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus/

32
Q

What does the production of oestrogen and progesterone from the ovaries in girls lead to?

A

Production of oestrogen and progesterone from the ovaries leads to:
* Thelarche
* Reproductive development
* Secondary sexual characteristics

33
Q

What does androgen production stimulate?

A

Androgen production stimulates linear and muscular growth

34
Q

What does teste enlargement further stimulate?

A

Teste enlargement leads to testosterone and androstenedione production which causes the secondary sexual characteristics and leads to further teste and penile growht.

35
Q

What do oestrogens dictate?

A

Oestrogens dictate body fat deposition.

36
Q

What are the neurodevelopmental changes that occur in adolescence?

A

Adolescent neurodevelopmental changes
Limbic system: pleasure, reward, emotional responses, sleep regulation
Later > pre-frontal cortex(myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened.): decision-making, organisation, impulse control, planning for the future

37
Q

What are the psychological changes that occur in adolescence?

A

Adolescent psychological changes
Increasing cognitive and intellectual capacities
Biological maturity precedes psychosocial maturity
11-14 years find it hard to think beyond present. Makes health promotion difficult
15-17 greater understanding of abstract, cognition developed

38
Q

What is sexual maturation and puberty also associated with?

A

Sexual maturation and puberty is also associated with:
* Bone growth and fusion
* Changes in body composition
* Linear growth
* Haematocrit values

39
Q

What is linear growth?

A

Linear growth is commonly expressed as length-for-age or height-for-age z-score

40
Q

Macronutrient requirements for boys aged 11-14

A

Macronutrient requirements for boys aged 11-14 (SACN 2011)
* Energy: 2500kcal
* Carbohydrate: 333g
* Protein: 42.1g
* Fat: 97g
* Saturated fat: 31g
* Sugar: 33g
* Salt: 6.0
* Fibre: 25g

41
Q

Macronutrient requirements for boys aged 15-18

A

Macronutrient requirements for boys aged 15-18 (SACN 2011)
* Energy: 2500kcal
* Carbohydrate: 333g
* Protein: 55.2g
* Fat: 97g
* Saturated fat: 31g
* Sugar: 33g
* Salt: 6.0
* Fibre: 30g

42
Q

Adolescent boys aged 11-18 have greater requirements than girls but which macronutrient in particular in relation to energy?

A

Adolescent boys aged 11-18 **need more fat **than girls.

43
Q

Macronutrient requirements for girls aged 11-14

A

Macronutrient requirements for girls aged 11-14 (SACN 2011)
* Energy: 2000kcal
* Carbohydrate: 267g
* Protein: 41.2g
* Fat: 78g
* Saturated fat: 24g
* Sugar: 27g
* Salt: 6.0
* Fibre: 25g

44
Q

Macronutrient requirements for girls aged 15-18

A

Macronutrient requirements for girls aged 15-18 (SACN 2011)
* Energy: 2000kcal
* Carbohydrate: 267g
* Protein: 45.0g
* Fat: 78g
* Saturated fat: 24g
* Sugar: 27g
* Salt: 6.0
* Fibre: 30g

45
Q

Why do boys aged 11-18 years need a lot of fat?

A

Boys aged 11-18years need a lot of fat for growth.

46
Q

What is the calcium RNI for boys aged 11-19 years old?

A

Calcium RNI for boys aged 11-19 years old:
1000 mg/day

47
Q

What is the calcium RNI for girls aged 11-19 years old?

A

Calcium RNI for girls aged 11-19 years old:
800mg/day

48
Q

What is the iron RNI for boys aged 11-19 years old?

A

** Iron RNI for boys aged 11-19 years old**
11.3 mg/day

49
Q

What is the iron RNI forgirls aged 11-19 years old?

A

** Iron RNI for girls aged 11-19 years old**
14.8 mg/day

50
Q

What did the National Diet and Nutrition Survey find in relation to calcium intake?

A

In relation to calcium intake the NDNS found that intake was below the LRNI in 11%boys and 22% girls (2-14/15-2015-16). The follow up during COVID 2020 found it was 9% in boys and 25% in girls aged 11-18 years.

51
Q

_____ consumption is low in adolescents.

A

**Milk **consumption is low in adolescents.

52
Q

What does calcium absorption depend on?

A

Calcium absorption depends on other diertary factors (iron, vitamin d) and exercise.

53
Q

What percentage of total bone mass is deposited in adolescence?

A

50% of bone mass is deposited in adolescence.

54
Q

What lifestyle habit is important for bone mass?

A

Exercise is important for bone mass.

55
Q

Decline in calcium-rich sources of foods and beverages during adolescence associated with an increase in the consumption of ?.

A

Decline in calcium-rich sources of foods and beverages during adolescence associated with an increase in the consumption of soft drinks.

56
Q

Which factors affect bone growth?

A

Factors that affect bone growth:
* Hormones
* Genetics
* Exercise
* Nutrition
* Adiposity: obesity or undernourishment

57
Q

Which 2 nutrients affect bone growth?

A

Calcium and vitamin D affect bone growth

58
Q

What causes girls to gain more bone mass/growth?

A

Girls who are active before puberty gain more bone mass/growth

59
Q

Ways to encourage healthy eating in adolescence?

A

Ways to encourage healthy eating in adolescence:
* Encourage independence
* Home economics in schools/food technology as compulsory
* Parents as role models
* Food availability
* Importance of balance
* Visits from nutritional professionals
* Positive social media influences
* Knowledge

60
Q

Teenage pregnancy

A

Teenage pregnancy::
*Highest rate of teenage pregnancy in developing countries, lowest in developed countries
* Globally: pregnancy and abortion complications main cause of death in adolescent girls
* Teenage pregnancy more likely in socially deprived. 6x more likely in socially deprived areas.
* Increased risk for miscarriage, maternal death, foetal death, still births, low birth weights. Most likely due to biological immaturity.
* LBW associated with increased CVD and metabolic syndrome risk
* 4x greater risk of death than women >20yo.
* <20YO still birth and neonatal death more common.
*<16yo: miscarriage, premature labour, LBW more likely.
* Developed countries: hiding teenage pregnancy can effect achieving optimal nutritional status
* Mother and foetus seem to compete for nutrients as adolescence is key time for growth
* Energy to sustain growth in mother seems to be prioritised
* Mother fails to deposit fat reserves and can’t sustain rapid foetal growth rates in 2nd and 3rd trimester
* Teenage mothers more likely to engage in high risk behaviours and dietary consumption is more likely to be erratic
* Studies show less likely to take folate supplements
* Studies show low folate, iron, Vit D, calcium, selenium, vitamin E, magnesium intakes
* Studies show iron, vitamin D, calcium, folic acid, zinc, Vit A, Vit C deficiency

61
Q

Why does iron requirements increase in adolescence?

A

Iron requirements increase in adolescence due to the increase in lean body mass, blood volume, haemoglobin and blood loss during menstruation in girls

62
Q

Factors that affect bone growth

A

Factors that affect bone growth:
* Genetics and hormones: Genetics determine 80% of the variation in adult bone mass
Genes important: Vitamin D receptor, type 1 collagen, oestrogen receptor beta, lepton insulin like growth factor 1, interleukin 6, low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 and osteocalcin.
* Hormones: thyroid hormone, growth factor hormone, insulin like growth factor 1 (promote osteoblast proliferation), sex steroids, oestradiol (bone thickness), adrenal derived androgens (increase bone strength).
* Physical activity: contributes to bone mineralisation particularly high-
impact sports (e.g. basketball, volleyball, rugby, gymnastics) and weight-bearing activities
• Optimal bone mineralisation: short and intense
activities with frequent rest periods
• Girls who are active before puberty gain more bone mass/growth
* Boys: exercise stimulates bone thickening
* Anorexic: reduced bone density and greater risk of osteoporosis later in life
* Eating disorders/ extreme underweight associated with reduced production of sex steroids and expression of IGF-1> reduced bone growth
* Obese: limited bone growth may be due to inhibitory actions of leptin. More leptin present may lead to reduced bone mineralization. Obesity may disrupt endocrine signalling.
Calcium: increased intakes associated with bone mass and vitamin D (if adequate). Supplementation may only be beneficial of they are taken beyond peak bone mass attainment

63
Q

Describe the patterns of growth and changes in body composition

A

Patterns of growth
* Growth driven by sex steroids from hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
* Adrenarche: adrenal cortex expansion. Adrenal cortex differentiates into 3 parts. Zona reticularis is where androgens that are responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics and symptoms are synthesised.
* Rapid bone growth
* ~50% of total bone mass deposited
* Puberty: lasts 3-4 years onset age is different for everyone.
Onset early in girls than boys
* Changes in body composition
* Growth spurt: 2-3 years long
* Changes in fat deposition/muscle mass
* Secretion of hormones: IGF-1, Growth hormone, adrenal androgens and oestradiol affect bone growth

Boys
* Boys lose fat mass and increase lean muscle mass
* Gain height and weight at same time
* Puberty onset usually 9.5-13.5 years
* Growth acceleration later
* Boys experience greater gains in height compared to girls because of a higher rate of growth and a longer growth spurt
* Androgen production: increases linear and muscle growth
* Greater androgen activity= larger build

Girls
* Growth precedes puberty
* Growth spurt: earlier in girls than boys.
* Growth spurt: usually at thelarche (breast growth)
* Girls lose lean muscle mass and increase fat mass. Fat mass deposition is dictated by oestrogens.
* Fat deposited to: upper arms, thighs and upper back; also hips rounder, waist narrower
* Fat-free mass ↓ from 80 to 75%
* Fat mass: ↑ from 20 to 25%
* Gain height before weight
* Puberty onset usually 8-13 years
* Can achieve an additional 6cm height after menarche

64
Q

Nutrition-related issues in adolescence

A

Nutrition-related issues in adolescence
* Excessive/restrictive consumption of calories
* Excessive or inadequate level of physical activity
* Eating disorders and unsafe weight loss practices
* Substance abuse: alcohol, tobacco…
* All impact physical and mental health

65
Q

Obesity: complications in adolescence

A

Obesity: complications in adolescence

  • Cardiovascular (hypertension, atherosclerosis)
  • Metabolic (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 DM)
  • Pulmonary (asthma, obstructive sleep apnoea)
  • Gastrointestinal (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gastroesophageal reflux)
  • Skeletal: issues with bone growth. ↑ BMI associated with ↓ bone mass
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome
  • Challenge to manage chronic condition AND develop as a teenager
66
Q

Changes that take place during adolescence and key nutrient requirements

A

Changes that take place during adolescence and key nutrient requirements:
* Iron
* Girls: menarche (menstruation), blood loss
* Boys: increased muscle mass synthesis: myoglobin
* Vitamin C:
* Increases iron absorption
* Calcium:
* Rapid bone growth
* Supplementation not advised. Shown
* **Vitamin D: **Rapid bone growth
* Fat
* Boys need more than girls 97g/day (boys) vs 78g/day (girls)
* **Zinc: **
* protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Deficiency can affect growth, appetite, skeletal and sexual maturation

67
Q

Hormones that affect bone growth

A

Hormones that affect bone growth:
* Growth hormone and IGF-1 stimulate accrual of bone mass by promoting the proliferation of osteoblasts.
* Secretion of growth hormone and IGF-1 is increased during puberty through the actions of the sex steroids.
* Adrenal-derived androgens increase the overall strength of bone
* Oestradiol increases bone thickness.

68
Q

Obesity and bone growth

A

Obesity and bone growth
* High concentrations of leptin associated with low bone mineralization
* Study found low bone mineral content in obese boys
* ↑ BMI associated with ↓ bone mass
Mechanism unclear:
Mismatch between bone growth and rapid weight gain?
Impaired bone growth at weight-bearing sites?
Disruption of endocrine signals?
Impact on growth and sex hormones?

69
Q

Underweight and bone growth

A

Underweight and bone growth
* Mechanism: ↓ production sex steroids and expression IGF-1
* Anorexia nervosa: associated with lower bone density and increased risk of osteoporosis in later life

70
Q

Strategies to encourage healthy eating as a dietitian

A
  • Find out what they like to eat and suggest healthier alternatives
  • Encourage independence
  • Host cooking clubs for teens
  • Social media presence aimed at teens
  • Parents as role models: encourage cooking at home, parents to cook with teens, eat breakfast, provide snacks, invite to shop with them, promote healthy attitude to food: don’t restrict foods.
71
Q

NDNS adolescents eating patterns

A

NDNS adolescents eating patterns
* Low fruit
* Not enough fibre
* High sweet/processed foods
* High saturated fat
* Low polyunsaturated fat
* High sugary drink intake
* Skipping breakfast
* 28.8% have fast food 1-2 times per week

72
Q

Factors that affect food choice

A

Factors that affect food choice

External factors
* Family unit & characteristics
* Parenting practices: study showed more influenced by parents than peers
* Peers
* Social & cultural norms
* Mass media
* Food availability
* Food production & distribution
* Available income
* Class: low-mid socioeconomic background linked to higher soft drink and fast food consumption
* Convenience

Internal factors
* Physiological needs & characteristic
* Body image: 50% of girls don’t like their appearance, 20% of boys don’t like their appearance
* Personal values & beliefs
* Food preferences & meanings
* Psychosocial development
* Health
* Nutrition knowledge
* Personal experiences
* Crave for independence
* Rebellion
* Places teenagers hang out with friends

73
Q

Identify nutritional needs and issues for UK adolescents, including nutritional intakes, some health and behavioural issues

A

Identify nutritional needs and issues for UK adolescents, including nutritional intakes, some health and behavioural issues

  • Alcohol intake:
  • linked to experimenting and rebellion.
  • Data suggests alcohol misuse has reduced
  • Excessive alcohol consumption can increase B1, B2, B3 requirements. Can affect vitamin A status due to alcohol metabolism.
  • Can increase dietary intake leading to weight gain
  • Adolescent brain more sensitive to damage
  • Could limit peak bone mass
  • ** Smoking**
  • May be done to avoid weight gain. Most likely reason in girls than boys
  • Adolescents that smoke or vape more concerned with body shape and size
  • Associated with low fibre, Vit C, selenium, calcium, thiamine intakes. Greater fat sugar and alcohol intake.
  • May affect bone mineral density
  • ** Drugs**
  • Use associated with undernutrition
  • Might affect bone mineral density: but animal studies
  • Opioids associated with bone loss
  • Requirements for energy and nutrients is higher than any other life stage
  • ** Most vunerable to eating disorders**
    *
74
Q

Eating disorders

A
  • Anorexia nervosa: associated with  bone density and  risk of osteoporosis in later life
  • Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, orthorexia (unhealthy focus on eating healthily)
  • Anorexia reported in 4% ballet dancers, and white girls from mid-high socioeconomic status
  • Most prevalent in female adolescents, but ↑ in males
  • Multifactorial, including ↑ obesity, society ‘slim’ image and performance, psychological problems including low self-esteem, refusal of puberty weight gain
  • Treatment has a dietary component, but main approach should be psychotherapy

NHD (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions