Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Question 1

Name 3 cardioprotective diets

Answer 1

3 cardioprotective diets: Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, Vegetarian diet

Question 1

Name 5 non-modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease

Answer 1

*Sex
*Genetics
*Ethnicity
*Age
*Menopausal status

Question 2

Name 6 modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease

Answer 2

*Obesity
*Diabetes
*Raised cholesterol
*Raised blood pressure
*Raised TAGs
*Inflammation

Question 3

Name 5 lifestyle risk factors of cardiovascular disease

Answer 3

*Diet: Fruit and vegetable intake
*Smoking
*Alcohol
*Physical activity
*Stress

Question 4

What are the three different dietary approaches to prevent CVD?

Answer 4

*Cardioprotective diets
*Different food items
*Individual nutrients

Question 5

Define: dietary patterns

Answer 5

Dietary patterns: the overall combination of foods habitually consumed which together produce overall health benefits

Question 6

Which recommendations are typically found in health promoting dietary patterns?

Answer 6

Limit: alcohol, sweets, red meat, fats (particularly saturated), salt, processed foods
Consume: fruits and vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, nuts and legumes
Partake in: Physical activity, social interaction, adequate rest

Question 7

What is a cardioprotective diet?

Answer 7

A cardioprotective diet is a diet that focuses on reducing risk of cardiovascular disease and promotes heart health.

Question 8

Name the 4 things which are discouraged in the Mediterranean diet

Answer 8

4 things discouraged in the Mediterranean diet: Meat (especially red meat, some lean is allowed), sweets, processed foods and dairy products

Question 9

Name the 6 things which are encouraged in the Mediterranean diet

Answer 9

Things encouraged in the Mediterranean diet: Cereals, Vegetables, Fruits, Nuts&Legumes, Fish, Olive Oil,

Question 10

Is alcohol allowed in the Mediterranean diet?

Answer 10

A moderate consumption of alcohol is allowed in the Mediterranean diet. Red wine is often consumed

Question 11

Which variations have been found in the Mediterranean diets of Spain, Greece and Italy?

Answer 11

Italy: lower consumption of legumes, higher cereal consumption
Spain: High consumption of eggs and fish
Greece: High consumption of olive oil and legumes (Murray Skeaff, 2023)

Question 12

Name the 3 things that are discouraged in the DASH diet

Answer 12

3 things discouraged in the DASH diet: Fats, Sweets, Fatty meat

Question 13

Name the things which are encouraged in the DASH diet

Answer 13

Things encouraged in the DASH diet: Whole grain cereals, Vegetables, Fruits, Low fat dairy, Nuts&Legumes, Fish, Olive Oil,

Question 14

Is sodium restricted in the DASH diet?

Answer 14

Yes, sodium is restricted in the DASH diet

Question 15

What type of dairy is allowed on the Mediterranean diet?

Answer 15

Fermented dairy products, cheese and yoghurt are allowed in moderate amounts on the Mediterranean diet

Question 16

What are the key components of the Mediterranean diet?

Answer 16

The key components of the Mediterranean diet are:
*Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients
*Rich in fibre
*Rich in polyunsaturated fat
*Rich in mono-unsaturated fat
*Moderate ethanol content
*Low: trans fat, saturated fat and dietary cholesterol

Question 17

What are the key components of Olive Oil?

Answer 17

Olive oil key components:
*High monounsaturated fat content: oleic acid
*Polyphenols
*Anti-inflammatory

Question 18

What does DASH stand for?

Answer 18

DASH= Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

Question 19

What is the overview of the DASH diet?

Answer 19

DASH diet: Low in fat/saturated fats and sugars
High in vegetables fruits and whole grains

Question 20

What does the DASH diet aim to do?

Answer 20

The DASH diet aims to lower blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol

Question 21

How many types of vegetarianism is there?

Answer 21

There are 7 types of vegetarianism: Lacto-ovo, Pollotarian, Flexitarian, Pescatarian, Vegan, Ovo, Lacto

Question 22

What evidence supports the Mediterranean diet?

Question 23

What evidence supports the DASH diet?

Question 24

What evidence supports a vegetarian diet?

Question 25

Which minerals are highlighted in the DASH diet?

Answer 25

Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are minerals highlighted in the DASH diet.

Question 26

What did the OMNIHEART study of the DASH diet highlight?

Answer 26

The OMNIHEART study of the DASH diet highlighted that a cardioprotective diet can be flexible.

Question 27

What are the key components of the DASH diet?

Answer 27

Key components of the DASH diet:
*Potassium
*Calcium
*Magnesium
*Protein
*Fibre

Question 28

What are three key things that are discouraged on the DASH diet?

Answer 28

Three key things discouraged on the DASH diet:
*Trans fat
*Saturated fat
*Cholesterol

Question 29

What are the potential mechanisms of Vegetarian for lowering CVD risk ?

Answer 29

*Reduced oxidative stress
*Reduced endothelial dysfunction
*Reduced inflammation
*Low energy density
*Reduced trimethylamine N-oxide
*Increased insulin sensitivity

Question 30

What is trimethylamine N-oxide?

Answer 30

Trimethylamine N-oxide is a chemical that promotes atherosclerosis. It is generated by gut bacteria and is metabolized by the liver.