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NHD > Fertility (Hormonal regulation) > Flashcards

Fertility (Hormonal regulation) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the current priorities of healthcare professionals in relation to fertility?

A

Current healthcare professional priorities:
* Less emphasis on avoidance of neonatal deaths
* Promotion of good health during pregnancy
* Achievement of optimal maternal environment for baby growth

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2
Q

What percentage of pregnancies are planned in Western countries?

A

60% of pregnancies are planned in Western countries which gives the opportunity for nutritional interventions.

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3
Q

When should important dietaty changes be implemented?

A

Important dietary changes should be implemented before pregnancy.

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4
Q

What hormones are involved in the endocrine control of female reproduction?

A

Hormones involved in the endocrine control of female reproduction:
* Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
* Luteinizing hormone (LH)
* Oestrogen
* Progesterone
* Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
* Inhibin

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5
Q

What are the focuses of nutrition in preconception and fertility?

A

Focuses of nutrition in preconception and fertility:
* Optimal weight
* Avoiding harmful substances
* Increased intake of beneficial nutrients
* Reduction of harmful nutrients

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6
Q

Which areas of the body are key for hormone release in female reproduction?

A

The hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries are key areas of the body in relation to hormone release in female reproduction.

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7
Q

Where is gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) released from?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from the hypothalamus.

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8
Q

Where is inhibin released from?

A

Inhibin is released from the ovaries.

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9
Q

Where is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) released from?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are released from the pituitary gland.

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10
Q

Which hormone stimulates follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone release?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone stimulates the production of FSH and LH.

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11
Q

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
* Secreted from the hypothalamus
* Stimulates follicle stimulating hormone production and luteinizing hormone production.

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12
Q

Inhibin

A

Inhibin
* Secreted from the ovaries as a response to LH
* Inhibits follicle stimulating hormone production from the pituitary gland

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13
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

Progesterone is secreted from the empty follicle that an egg was released from.

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14
Q

The hypothalamus is the __________ __________ integrator of the menstrual cycle

A

Hypothalamus is the central control integrator of the menstrual cycle

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15
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* Secreted from the pituitary gland
* Stimulates oestrogen release
* Stimulates egg maturation
* Levels drop mid cycle

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16
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
* secreted from anterior pituitary gland
* stimulates ovulation
* stimulates inhibin secretion from ovaries
* levels rise mid cycle
* stimulates follicle development

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17
Q

Oestrogens

A

Oestrogens
* secreted from ovaries
* stimulates uterine lining thickening
* stimulates follicular development
* may inhibit or stimulate release of FSH or LH depending on part of cycle

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18
Q

Progesterone

A
  • released from the empty follicle that an egg was released from
  • if egg is released: remains high during pregnancy
  • maintains uterine lining for foetal growth and promotes adaption for pregnancy
  • increases mucus production at cervix to reduce infection risk and prevent sperm entry
  • inhibits FSH and LH release
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19
Q

What are fallopian tubes/oviducts?

A

Fallopian tubes/oviducts are tubes that link the ovaries to the uterus.

20
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The cervix is the entrance to the uterus.

21
Q

When is the uterus lining lost?

A

The uterus lining is lost days 1-5. It is menstruation

22
Q

What has happened by day 14?

A

By day 14, the uterus lining has thickened and oestrogen levels are high enough to inhibit FSH production in pituitary gland. LH release from the pituitary is stimulated.

23
Q

Which day is optimal for pregnancy?

A

Day 14 is optimal for pregnancy.

24
Q

What happens if no fertilization has occured by day 28?

A

If no fertilization has occurred by day 28 the uterus lining is shed and the cycle begins again.

25
Q

During the follicular phase, are oestrogen levels high or low?
What does this do to GnRH and FSH?

A

During the follicular phase, oestrogen levels are low but at a level that is sufficient to inhibit FSH production from the anterior pituitary and GnRH from hypothalamus via negative feedback.

26
Q

What are the 2 distinct phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

2 distinct phases of the reproductive cycle:
* Follicular phase
* Luteal phase

27
Q

What are the 3 stages of the reproductive cycle, when do they occur?

A

Menstrual cycle stages:
1. Follicular phase (1-13 days)
2. Ovulation (day 14)
3. Luteal phase (15-28 days)
4. Menstruation

28
Q

How long does the follicular phase last?

A

The follicular phase lasts 1-13 days

29
Q

When does ovulation typically occur?

A

Ovulation usually occurs on day 14

30
Q

When does the luteal phase occur?

A

The luteal phase occurs days 15-28

31
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A

During the follicular phase there is follicle and egg maturation

32
Q

What happens during the luteal phase?

A

During the luteal phase:
* Corpus luteum acts as controller of the uterine environment
* If there is fertilization: there is promotion to maintain a suitable environment for implantation or pregnancy
* no fertilization: uterine lining breakdown and menstrual bleeding occurs

33
Q

What is the target for luteinizing hormone?

A

The ovaries are the target for luteinizing hormone.

34
Q

What is ovulation stimulated by?

A

Ovulation is stimulated by the rise in LH.

35
Q

What is corpus luteum formation stimulated by?

A

Corpus luteum formation is stimulated by LH.

36
Q

What does the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis refer to?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis refers to the complex interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries that regulate the reproductive cycle.

37
Q

What is the controller of the uterine environment?

A

The corpus luteum acts as controller of the uterine environment

38
Q

Describe the hormonal changes during the early to mid follicular phase

A

Hormonal changes during the early to mid follicular phase
1. Low oestrogen and progesterone due to previous luteal phase
2. Slight increase of FSH and LH because of this
3. FSH leads to stimulation of follicle development
4. LH stimulates androgen secretion from theca cells which leads to conversion to oestrogens
5. The dominant follicle causes an increase in oestrogen secretion
6. LH and FSH secretion is supressed however the level of LH is maintained whereas FSH reduces because of inhibin

39
Q

What does the secretion of oestrogen during the early to mid follicular phase?

A

Oestrogen secretion during the early to mid follicular phase:
* Stimulates oogenesis and follicular growth
* Increases expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells in preparation for the LH surge
* Increases expression of progesterone receptors in preparation for the luteal phase

40
Q

Describe the hormonal changes during the late follicular phase

A

Hormonal changes during the late follicular phase
* Increased oestrogens which leads to increase LH. Causes a positive feedback loop
* FSH also increases but inhibin causes a negative feedback
* Oestrogen then reduces and progesterone rises

41
Q

Describe the hormonal changes during the luteal phase

A

Hormonal changes during the luteal phase
* Oestrogen levels reduce causing a reduction in LH secretion
* Progesterone increases
* Oestrogen and progesterone increase
* Progesterone secretion causes a reduction of GnRH activity which leads to a reduction in LH and FSH
* 10th day if egg isn’t fertilized uterine secretory activity reduces the corpus luteum degenerates and oestrogen and progesterone levels diminish.

42
Q

If implantation occurs which hormone is released that is important for pregnancy?

A

hCG - Human chorionic gonadotropin
* secreted if implantation occurs
* important for pregnancy
* used to test if woman is pregnant in early stages
* concentrations diminish throughout pregnancy

43
Q

Progesterone

A

Progesterone
Source: Corpus luteum
Functions: * Steroid hormone * Helps in the growth of the
endometrium * Promotes implantation * Support pregnancy

High levels:
* Irregular periods * Lower sexual activities

Low levels:
* Perimenopause (menopausal transition) * Unable to carry the pregnancy

44
Q

Testosterone

A

Testosterone
Source: Interstitial cells
Functions: * Male sex hormone * Stimulates the synthesis
of sperm cells * Regulate functions of male sex hormone * Helps in the metabolism

High levels:
* Changes in testicles
* PCOS in women
* Lowering of sperm

Low levels:
* Decrease in activities secondary sex characteristics
* Depression
* Loss in sexuality

45
Q

Oestrogen

A

Oestrogen
Source: Ovarian follicles
Functions: * Female sex hormone * Regulate functions of
female reproductive system * Development of the
mammary gland * Helps in milk secretion

High levels:
* Gynecomastia (breast growth in males)
* Irregular menstrual cycle * Depression * Overweight
* Endometriosis

Low levels:
* Irregular periods
* Earlier menopause
* Osteoporosis

NHD (15 decks)

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