O'shea 2

Question 1

Triglycerides

Answer 1

• Bi-directional transfer of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver
• Many triglycerides, which are more or less saturated depending on oil source (saturation = carbon bones saturated with/by hydrogen ions)
• fatty acids dericed from linolenic acid have 18 carbons: these are polyunsaturated fats

Question 2

Chylomicrons

Answer 2

• function to transport fat-soluble molecules from intestine to other organs
• cleaved by lipoproteins lipase to release molecules to various sites
• Carry fat soluble vitamins and TG

Question 3

VLDL

Answer 3

• transports lipids from liver to muscle and other organs
• transport cholesterol, TG, and vitamin E
• VLDL REMNANTS ARE ATHEROGENIC

Question 4

LDL**

Answer 4

• PROMOTES ATHEROSCLEROSIS
  carry vitamin E
• HIGH CHOLESTEROL DIET = FEWER RECEPTORS EXPRESSED AND MORE CIRCULATING LDL
• Low cholesterol diet = more receptors expressed and less circulating LDL

Question 5

HDL*

Answer 5

• small and dense
• contain enzymes and proteins such as LCAT and ApoE
• Functions
  
  • transfor apoCII and ApoE to chylomicrons and VLDL to regulate their metabolism
  • take up cholesterol from LDL and VLDL and phospholipids from BLDL
  • reverse transport cholesterol
• LOW HDL levels associated with INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

Question 6

Fatty acids that are good vs bad

Answer 6

• Cholesterol raising
  
  • myristic acid
  • palmitic acid
  • stearic acid
  • trans-fatty acids
• Neutral
  
  • Oleic acid
  • palmitoleic acid
• Cholesterol lowering
  
  • Linoleic acid
  • alpha-linolenic acid
  • Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexanoic acid

Question 7

Eicosanoids

Answer 7

• Signaling molecules; used in growth during and after phsyical activity, in immunity and inflammation
• Eicosanoids derived from FA with N6 (omega 6) oils are PRO-INFLAMMATORY
  
  • thos from FA with N3 (omega 3) are less (GOOD)
    
    • eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA)
  • N6 FA includ arachidonic acid (AA)

Question 8

Hypertension

Answer 8

• defined as BP > 140/90
• Renin catalysis of angiotensinogen to angiotensin eventaully causes effects as blood vessels (vasoconstriction, brain (thirst and release of ADH), kidneys (Na conservation) and adrenals (aldosterone raises BP)
• Aldosterone maintains BP by conserving sodium
• (renin and aldosterone are bad in the sence they raise BP)
• Norepinephrine can make BP go high
  
  • nitric oxide drops BP

Question 9

Role of minerals in HTN****

Answer 9

• Sodium: recommendations is 2300mg/day
  
  • 1500mg for HTN
• Potassium:
  
  • hypokalemia increases BP
  • DIETARY POTASSIUM –> needed for people
  • we need 4700mg a day
• ALCOHOL: limit intake to no more than 2 drinks/day for men and 1 drink/day for women
  
  • it is a diuretic