:O Flashcards

1
Q

ADH is released from where?

A

posterior pituitary !

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where in kidney nephron is most dilute?

A

most dilute: at start of distal tubule (~ 100 mOsmol) (lots of Na / Cl has been removed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which part of nephron controls blood pressure?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

loop of henle is responsible for filtering what % of Na and H20, from urine -> blood?

A

20% Na

15% H20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what would u use furosemide for? (2)

A

Furosemide removes excess water in the body: blocks NaKCC channel

indications:

  • oedema
  • resistant hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diabetes insipidus is caused by what?

A

Diabetes insipidus; damage to the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary leading to loss of ADH secretion. Result high volume of dilute urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do thiazide diuretics work?
what is an AE of these?

A

Thiazide diuretics like bendroflumethiazide (Aprinox) inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys by blocking a Na+/Cl− cotransporter.

One important adverse effect of long-term thiazide use is loss of potassium resulting in hypokalaemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where do u find the cells that release ANP ? what stimulus do they cause

what is their effect? where does the effect occur!

A

Specialised muscle cells: right atrium and inferior vena cava.

In response to stretch (indicating increased preload) these cells release atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

ANP decreases Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the difference between osmoreceptors and baroreceptors?

A
  • *Osmoreceptors** reside in hypothalamus and respond to changes of extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality.
  • *Baroreceptors** are mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure in the vessel wall.

  • Osmoreceptors respond to changes in osmotic pressure, which is the “pressure” of solutes in water trying to equalize their concentrations across a semipermeable barrier.*
  • Baroreceptors respond to actual mechanical pressure, like when you touch or press on something, or when it touches or presses on you. They’re also found in the muscular walls of arteries where they sense the physical pressure of blood flowing through them.*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are Arteriovenous malformations?

A

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) happen when a group of blood vessels in your body forms incorrectly. In these malformations, arteries and veins are unusually tangled and form direct connections, bypassing normal tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

* how do u calculate net filtration pressure? *

A

NFP = (HPc - HPif) - (OPc - OPif)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does this describe: ‘specialised pits that undergo endocytosis’

A

caveolae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is paracellular diffusion?

where does it occur? 1 example xo

A

Paracellular transport refers to the transfer of substances across an epithelium by passing through the intercellular space between the cells.

kidnyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are two reasons for lympathic blockage?

A

primary: genetic cause
secondary: damage to lymphatic system (e.g. surgery, elephantiasis - worm infection, tissue injury)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do u subdivide different types of anaemia based on mean cell volume? (3)

how do u subdivide anaemia by production of rbc? (2)

A

based off mean cell volume (MVC)

  • microcytic: MVC <80 fL (rbc are smaller than usual)
  • normocytic: MVC 80 -100 fL (normal sized, but just less off them an expected)
  • macrocytic: MVC > 100 fL (rbc are larger than usual)

//

increased destruction: high reticulocytes. due to bleeding or haemolysis

reduction production: low reticulocytes. anaemia of chronic disease, aplasia, cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

there are 5 leukocytes. name which ones are granular and agranular (5)

A
  • *granular**: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
  • *agrunular**: monocytes, lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the name of when neutrophils move through capillary cell wall?

A

diapedesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the following caused by?

  • microcytic:
  • normocytic:
  • macrocytic:
A
  • microcytic: iron deficiency, thalassaemia (an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal)
  • normocytic: acute blood loss, renal failure, SCA, leukaemia
  • macrocytic: alchohol and liver disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are eosinophils associated with? (3)

A

eosinophils: allergic reaction, parasitic infections & chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where in a lymph node would you find:

a) B cells
b) T cells
c) immature B cells

A

The nodes are covered by a capsule of dense connective tissue, and have find lymphocytes

  • cortex (under the capsule) - lymphoid follices: B cells
  • deep cortex: T cells
  • medulla: B cells (immature)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do u differentiate between B & T cells?

A

staining not useful - need to use immunohistochemistry (Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the most common application of immunostaining. It involves the process of selectively identifying antigens (proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissue

22
Q

what are distinguishing features of the spleen? (2)

A

red and white pulp (1)
no cortex and medulla (1)

23
Q

what do u find in red and white pulp in spleen?
which one makes up most of spleen?

A

white pulp: B and T cells, APCs and plasma cells

red pulp: old & damaged RBC, macrophages, lymphocytes

red pulp = 80%

24
Q

what are Epithelial reticular cells? where do u find?

A

Epithelial reticular cells, or epithelioreticular cells (ERC) are a structure in both the cortex and medulla of the thymus.

Make sure that no T cells are allowed to survive which could attack the body’s own cells

25
Q

what are hassals corpsucles? where find? function?

A

hassals corpuscles: concentric layers of flattened reticular epithelial cells filled with keratohyalin granules and keratin.

activate dendritic cells

only found in thymus

26
Q
A
27
Q
A
28
Q

where does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lie in relation to:

2) intercostal muscles

A

2) intercostal muscles: between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

29
Q

where does the right and left dome of the diaphragm reach to on the ribs?

A

right dome: upper border of 5th rib

left dome: lower border of 5th rib

30
Q

what is the nerve supply to:

visceral pleura?

parietal pleura?

A

visceral pleura: autonomic

parietal pleura: somatic

31
Q

what are the names and locations of the pleural recesses? [2]

A
  1. costadiaphragmatic: located between the costal pleurae and diaphragmatic pleura
  2. costomedialstinal: located betweeen the costal pleurae and the mediastinal pleurae, behind the sternum
32
Q

which structures contribute to the nasal septum? (3)

A
  • septal cartilage
  • ethmoid
  • vomer
33
Q

what are the meatuses?

why does your nose run when you cry?

A

meatuses: the spaces beneath the conchae are referred to as the superior, middle and inferior meatuses (singular: meatus).

The nasolacrimal (tear) duct drains into the inferior meatus (which is why your nose runs when you cry).

34
Q

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses ? [4]

A

sinuses:

  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • maxilla
  • ethmoid
35
Q

what does the eustachian tube connect?

A

eustachian tube: connects the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx

36
Q

what is the function of nasal conchae? (2)

A

i) increase the surface area of these cavities,
ii) rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.

37
Q

what do the vocal cords attach to i) anteriorly ii) posteriorly?

A

i) anteriorly: thyroid catilage
ii) posteriorly: artyenoids

38
Q

what happens in arteries if hypoxia occurs?

A

arteries under hypoxia: will reform under hypoxic influence. If a tissue becomes hypoxic it will induce angiogenesis to allow arteries to grow and expand in hypoxic areas so areas that are deficient to have a blood supply

(HIF1 causes VEGF ! )

39
Q

axillary artery branches? [3]

A

sends branches to external chest wall & shoulder girdle
BUT: major branch = humeral circumflex
-

40
Q

what arterial branches come off the ulnar artery?

which is deeper out of ulna and radius?

A

ulnar artery -> common interosseous (supplies the deep flexors and extensors of forearm) -> posterior & anterior interosseous arteries

Ulnar is much deeper than the radial, which is fairly superficial.

41
Q

which is the most common vein for venipuncture?

A

median cubital vein, across cubital fossa

42
Q
A
43
Q

where does the abdomina aorta end? path from abdominal aorta -> femoral artery? and at which vert levels are these?

A

ends at L4 = top of iliac crest (pelvis)

abdominal artery -> common iliac artery (S1), at sacroiliac joint -> internal iliac atery & external iliac artery

44
Q

what does the internal iliac artery supply and branch? (3)

A

internal iliac supplies: pelvic walls & pelvic viscera, gluteal region

interna iliac -> superior gluteal artery & inferior gluteal artery
-> obturator artery: supplies head of femur and the medial muscle groups of the thigh

45
Q

describe pathway of obturator artery & what it supplies?

A

internal common iliac -> obturator artery -> (passes through the obturator foramen) acetabular branch

acetabular supplies the hip joint

46
Q

what is peripheral vascular (arterial) disease?

what can cause it?

A

Peripheral vascular disease is caused by Arterial narrowing. This will result in decreased blood flow, meaning there’s pain. Pain results from an imbalance between supply and demand.

Lower limb has bigger oxygen demand for muscle, so atherosclerosis can cause pain due to ischaemia (imbalance between supply and demand of oxygen)

Most common cause is Atherosclerosis, arteritis, aneurysm and embolism

47
Q

which patient population immediately gets access to hypertension drugs?

A

Grade 1 hypertension with high risk for CVD immediately get drugs
but if low / moderate risk without CVD or renal disease, after 3-6 months of lifestyle intervention & BP still not controlled = drugs
- Grade 2: drugs
- Grade 3: drugs

48
Q

how do you managed treatment for hypertension depending on patient populations race and age?

A

under 55 = ACE

black / afro carribean = Ca2+ channel blockers

49
Q

what are the three different reasons that RAAS system might be activated?

A
  1. sympathetic nerve activation (via B-adrenoreceptors)
  2. renal artery hypotension
  3. decreased sodium delivery to the distal tubules of the kidney
50
Q

what are effects of RAAS system? [4]

A

differing effects depending on where it binds:

  • *i) proximal tubule:** Increases Na+ reabsorbtion, which increases blood flow, which increases BP
  • *ii) adrenal cortex:** increases aldosterone, which causes increase Na+ reabsorbtion in distal tubule, increase bloodflow and BP
  • *iii) systemic arterioles:** binds to GPCR = artriolar vasoconstriction = increases BP
  • *iv) brain:** stimules release of ADH = increase Na reabsorbtion