Anatomy: Practical 2 - Thorax and the Lungs Flashcards
in the thoracic cage, where are:
1) superior thoracic aperture?
2) inferior thoracic aperture
The superior thoracic aperture, also known as the thoracic inlet or outlet, connects the root of the neck with the thorax.
The inferior thoracic aperture connects the thorax with the abdomen.
how does the chest move in an anterior-posterior axis during inspiration and expiration?
how does the chest move in an lateral / outwards axis during inspiration and expiration?
anterior-posterior axis
- *Inspiration:** Forwards/outwards
- *expiration:** backwards/inwards
lateral / outwards axis:
- *Inspiration:** laterally / outwards
- *expiration:** medially /inwards
during inspiration: increases the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest, increasing intrathoracic volume & the lateral diameter of the chest, increasing intrathoracic volume.
where does the right and left dome of the diaphragm reach to on the ribs?
right dome: upper border of 5th rib
left dome: lower border of 5th rib
where can the IC veins drain? (anteriorly & posteriorly?
anteriorly: internal thoracic vein (which then goes into brachiocephalic()
posteriorly: azygously
intercostal spaces are named after the rib from above or below?
above :)
how many pairs of floating and true ribs do u have?
floating: 2 (11,12) false 3 (8,9,10)
The surface relations of the inferior margin of the parietal pleura can be pinpointed on the surface at which three different areas around the thorax?
the midaxillary line, the midclavicular line and the vertebral column.
label these correctly x
what is the green?
costodiaphragmatic recess :)
how many true ribs do you have?
7 (1 to 7)
what is the path of the inferior margin of the parietal pleura? (include vertebra levels)
The inferior margin of the parietal pleura takes an oblique path laterally from the l_evel of rib 8_ in the midclavicular line to rib 10 in the midaxillary line and the T12 vertebra at the vertebral column.
at what spinal level do the following pass through the diaphragm?
IVC?
Oesphagus?
Aorta?
IVC: T8
Oesophagus: T10
Aorta: T12
mneuomic: I 8 (IVC - T8) 10 eggs (T10 esophagus), at 12 (aorta t12)
which are the primary and accessory muscles of respiration?
primary: diaphragm
accessory: intercostal muscles
which of the following are involved in inspiration or expiration:
ectus abdominis:
pectoralis minor:
scalenes:
external oblique:
sternocleidomastoid:
rectus abdominis: expiration
pectoralis minor: inspiration
scalenes: inspiration
external oblique: expiration
sternocleidomastoid: inspiration
why are the recesses clinically important?
they provide a location where fluid can collect
the costal cartilage of which rib articulates with the sternal angle?
2nd
what is the order (from out to in) of intercostal muscles?
external -> internal -> innermost
what are the recesses?
what are the two recesses and where located?
In some areas of the thorax, the lungs do not completely occupy the pleural cavity. This is especially true for the inferior region of the pleural cavity, where the inferior margin of the parietal pleura extends approximately two ribs inferior to the lung
- costadiaphragmatic: located between the costal pleurae and diaphragmatic pleura
- costomedialstinal: located betweeen the costal pleurae and the mediastinal pleurae, behind the sternum
what are the three parts that the diaphragm attaches to the thorax by?
1) sternal part
2) costal part
3) lumbar part
how does respiration occur?
- predominantly achieved by the action of the diaphragm, which contracts during inspiration, pushing the abdominal contents downwards.
By increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, the pressure within reduces (although by a tiny amount!) and a pressure gradient drives the flow of air to fill the increased thoracic volume at the same pressure of the surrounding atmosphere.
- in expiration, the volume of the thoracic cavity is reduced, creating a pressure gradient that forces air out.
which vein is this? which side of thorax?
zygous vein - right side !
If passing a needle through the thoracic cage to sample air or fluid in the pleural cavity (pleural tap/aspiration), should you pass the needle immediately above or below the rib?
The primary and larger intercostal neurovascular bundles run immediately below each rib. To avoid damaging these (and causing bleeding / neuropathy) during a pleural tap or aspiration, insert the needle just above the rib.
on the left hand side of body, where do intercostal veins drain into?
into hemazygous vein or accessory hemiazygous (which then goes into azygous vein)
where is the cardiophrenic angle?
where is the costophrenic angle?
where is the
what is the nerve supply to:
visceral pleura?
parietal pleura?
visceral pleura: autonomic
parietal pleura: somatic
what is the nerve supply to the i) diaphragmatic pleura?
ii) mediastinal pleura?
i) diaphragmatic pleura: intercostal and phrenic nerves
ii) mediastinal pleura: phrenic nerve
A simple take home message could be that the external intercostals are most important to ….. and when they contract they rotate the ribs …. to cause both the …. in anterior-posterior and lateral diameters of the chest wall
A simple take home message could be that the external intercostals are most important to respiration and when the contract they rotate the ribs upwards to cause both the increases in anterior-posterior and lateral diameters of the chest wall.
how does a typical thoracic verebra differ from a cervical and lumbar vertebra?
which one of these is a thoracic vertebra?
Body: heart-shaped massive that increase in size as descending to the lumbar vertebrae
The body also has small, smooth, and somewhat concave costal facets for the attachment of the ribs.
For each of the 12 thoracic vertebrae, there is a corresponding pair of ribs attached to them. This is unique since no other vertebrae have ribs attached to them.
In addition, the spinous processes are relatively more pointed than other vertebrae, and angle sharply downward.
Answer: the bottom photo: thoracic
where does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lie in relation to:
1) the rib
2) intercostal muscles
3 what is the smaller neurovascular bundle called thats also found in intercostal space?
1) the rib: the underside of each rib
2) intercostal muscles: between internal and innermost intercostal muscles
3) collateral branches
role of the pleura? & pleural fluid?
The function of the pleura is to allow optimal expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing.
The pleural fluid acts as a lubricant, allowing the parietal and visceral pleura to glide over each other friction free. This fluid is produced by the pleural layers themselves.
how many lobes are found in right lung? left lung? which ones
right lung: 3 - superior, middle, inferior
left lung: 2: superior & inferior
describe the pathway of blood flow from both posterior and anterior intercostal arteries
posterior IC arteries: branch from descending thoracic aorta
anterior IC arteries: subclavian arteries pass down to internal thoracic arteries, which passes down the posterior aspect of the costal cartilages on either side
where is the infrasternal angle?
in which direction do the fibres of the external intercostal muscles pass?
in which direction do the fibres of the internal and innermost intercostal muscles pass?
external intercostal muscles: downwards and medial
internal and innermost intercostal muscles: downwards and lateral
