Anatomy: Practical 2 - Thorax and the Lungs (Part 2)

Question 1

what is the
1. yellow?

2. green and blue?

Answer 1

yellow: vomer
blue and green: nasal conchae

Question 2

what is the light blue?
what is the yellow?
what is the dark blue?

Answer 2

light blue: nasal septum
yellow: left lacrimal bone
dark blue: ethmoid bone

Question 3

what are the pink and yellow bones?

Answer 3

pink: palatine
yellow: vomer

Question 4

the superior and middle conchae are part of which bone?
what about the inferior concahe?

Answer 4

super and middle conchae are part of the ethmoid bone

inferior concahe is a seperate bone

Question 5

which strucutres contribute to the nasal septum? (3)

Answer 5

• septal cartilage
• ethmoid
• vomer

Question 6

what are the meatuses?

why does your nose run when you cry?

Answer 6

meatuses: the spaces beneath the conchae are referred to as the superior, middle and inferior meatuses (singular: meatus).

The nasolacrimal (tear) duct drains into the inferior meatus (which is why your nose runs when you cry).

Question 7

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses ?

what are they ^ lined with ?

Answer 7

sinuses:

• *- frontal
• sphenoid
• maxilla
• ethmoid**

all lined with mucous epithelium (which drain into the nasal cavity)

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

what does the eustachian tube connect?
what is the function of the eutachian tube?

Answer 9

eustachian tube: connects the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx

function:

i) allows equalisation of air pressure (ears popping)
ii) provides a path for infection to spread between ear and throat

Question 10

What is the crista galli?

Answer 10

The crista galli is a thick, midline, smooth triangular process arising from the superior surface of the ethmoid bone, projecting into the anterior cranial fossa. It separates the olfactory bulbs, which lie either side of it in the olfactory fossae of the cribriform plate.

part of the ethmoid bone

Question 11

what is the function of nasal conchae? (2)

Answer 11

i) increase the surface area of these cavities,
ii) rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.

Question 12

the nasolacrimal duct (tear duct) runs into what?

Answer 12

nasolacrimal duct runs into inferior meatus = nose runs when you cry

Question 13

what does the nasal cavity lead into anteriorly and posteriorly ?

Answer 13

nasal cavity:
anteriorly - vestibules (nostrils)
posteriorly - nasopharynx

Question 14

what are the three parts of the pharnyx?

Answer 14

nasopharynx: upper part of the pharynx

oropharynx: middle part

hypopharynx: lower part

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

what are three functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 16

paranasal sinuses: hollow bones which surround the nasal cavity

functions:

i) lighten the weight of the skull
ii) support immune defence of nasal cavity (lined with mucous epithelium)
iii) humidying inspired air

Question 17

where do the sinuses drain?

how are the ears connected to the pharnyx?

Answer 17

they drain into the nasal cavity

ears connect tothe pharnx via the eustachian tube

Question 18

what are the two fiunctions of the larnyx?

Answer 18

i) protecting the lower respiratory tract
ii) to produce phonation.

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

what do the vocal cords attach to i) anteriorly ii) posteriorly?

Answer 20

i) anteriorly: thyroid catilage
ii) posteriorly: artyenoids

Question 21

what happens to the epiglottis when swallowing?

Answer 21

epiglottis deflects downwards and covers the laryngeal inlet.

Question 22

Below the thyroid cartilage lies the x cartilage?

The x cartilage is shaped like a signet ring, with a Y anterior arch and a Z posterior lamina

The x forms .. … with the thyroid cartilage.

Answer 22

Below the thyroid cartilage lies the cricoid cartilage

The cricoid cartilage is shaped like a signet ring, with a narrow anterior arch and a wide posterior lamina

The cricoid forms synovial joints with the thyroid cartilage.

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

1 = **hyoid bone** 2 = **epiglottis** 3 = **thyroid cartilage** 4 = **arytenoid cartilage** 5 = **cricoid cartilage**

Question 27

Answer 27

1 = hyoid bone 2 = **epiglottis** **3 = thryoid cartilage** **4 = cricoid cartilage**

Question 28

what is the skeleton of the larynx held together by? Between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages in the midline lies the x membrane. Between the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages lies the .... .... Above the .... ..... is the .... ... (sometimes called the false vocal cord). The ..... membrane fills the space between the hyoid bone and the top of the thyroid cartilage.

Answer 28

Between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages in the midline lies the **cricothyroid** **membrane**. Between the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages lies the **vocal** **fold**. Above the **vocal fold** is the **vestibular** **fold** (sometimes called the false vocal cord). The **thyrohyoid membrane** fills the space between the hyoid bone and the top of the thyroid cartilage.

Question 29

what is the role of the intrinsic vocal cords? (4)

Answer 29

i) **alter** the **position** and **tension** of the **vocal cords.** ii) This allows them to close tightly to act as a **protective sphincter,** **assist coughing,** open **widely during deep inspiration** and to **modify sound.**

Question 30

be aware of these pls x!!

Answer 30

**Cricothyroid**, between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages antero-laterally (the only intrinsic muscle visible on the anterior surface of the larynx). **Posterior crico-arytenoids**, between the lamina of the cricoid and the arytenoid cartilages which is the only muscle that actively opens the vocal cords. **Vocalis**, lies in the free edge of the vocal fold

Question 31

which is the only muscle that can actively opens the vocal cords?

Answer 31

**Posterior crico-arytenoids:** between the lamina of the cricoid and the arytenoid cartilages

Question 32

what is this muscle? what is its function?

Answer 32

**vocalis**: _reduces tension_ on the vocal cords, _reducing pitch of voice_

Question 33

what is this muscle and its function?

Answer 33

**cricothyroid:** increases tension on the vocal cords, increasing pitch of voice

Question 34

what is the venous drainage and arterial flow like for layrnx? what is the innervation like for larynx? (3)

Answer 34

- **arteries:** laryngeal branches --\> superior and inferior thyroid arteries - **venous drainage:** thyroid veins --\> internal jugular vein - **innervation: i) ** right superior laryngeal nerves ii) left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves, branches of the vagus nerve (CN X).

Question 35

which muscles do the recurrent laryngeal nerves innervate - what does this cause to occur? what does the superior laryngeal nerve subdivide into? and what is their role?

Answer 35

_recurrent laryngeal nerves_: provide motor to all intrinsic muscles = **phonation** _superior laryngeal nerve_ --\> **internal laryngeal nerve (sensory):** (VERY important sensitive nerve - afferent branch of _choking reflex)​_ --\> **external laryngeal nerve (motor)** motor to cricothyroid – provides tone to voice

Question 36

label 1-5

Answer 36

1 = **Left vagus nerve** 2 = **left superior laryngeal nerve** **3 = left vagus nerve** **4 = left external laryngeal nerve** **5 = left internal laryngeal nerve**