Anatomy of the respiratory system Flashcards
where do ribs attach to the vertabra?
what attaches ribs to sternum?
- ribs attach to vertebra
- *i) transverse costal facets on transverse process
ii) superior costal facet** - ribs to sternum: costal cartilage
what is the costal margin?
which part of body forms inferior portion of the thorax?
- costal margin: continual cartilageneous border of inferior portion of thoracic wall
- the diaphragm forms inferior portion of thorax (but attaches to the costal margin)
what is thoracic inlet formed by? (3)
thoracic inlet: manubrium, 1st rib & T1 Vert
which rib attaches at the sternal angle?
where does the superior mediastinum turn into inferior mediastinum
2nd rib xo
superior mediastinum turn into inferior mediastinum: sternal angle / t4/5
what 3 movements happen (how) when inhalation occurs?
- *pump handle movement:**
- during inhalation, get elevation of the ribs: ribs move superior and anterior (increasing diameter)
- occurs at costal-vertebral joints (ribs & Tvert)
- *bucket handle movement:**
- during inhalation: increase lateral diameter of thorax
- *diaphragm:**
- during inhalation: flatttens
what is fibre orientation and positions in IC space of external, internal and innermost IC muscles?
are they involved in in / exhalation?
external IC muscles
- anterior- inferior direction (hands in pockets)
- end at mid-clavicular line / located more posterior
- involved in inspiration
internal and innermost muscles
- opposite to **anterior inferior direction
- located more anteriorly:**involved in expiration
what is chest wall neurovasculature like?
which IC arterys and veins (either anterior or posterior) are larger? why
what are intercostal muscles innervated by?
- neurovascular bundle: superior -> inferior: vein, artery, nerve
- posterior internal intercostal muscles are largest (supply a larger part of thorax)
- intercostal muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
where do anterior and posterior IC arteries originate from?
same but for venous drainage?
anterior IC arteries: subclavian -> internal thoracic artery -> anterior IC arteries
posterior IC arteries: off the thoracic aorta
posterior IC veins: internal thoracic vein -> subclavian - brachiocephalic -> SVC
posterior IC veins: -> azygos or hemiazygous vein
where does the vena cava, oesphagus, and aortic hiatus goe through the diaphragm?
what innervates diaphragm - from which vert levels?
- phrenic nerve: c3, c4, c5
- Vena cava: T8 (vena cava = 8 letters)
- Oesphagus: T10 (Oesphagus = 10 letters)
- *-** aortic hiatus: T12 (aortic hiatus = 12 letters)
what are the muscles of chest wall?
say if they help with inhalation or exhalation
serratus anterior muscle: posterior portion of thorax, wraps around and attaches to rib (Muscle which wraps around the ribs is the serratus anterior. It comes from the scapula anteriorly and wraps around your thorax). helps bring chest wall up during inhalation
pectoralis minor: from scapula, across thorax to attach onto your ribs. This can also help to pull on the ribcage in inspiration
Pectoralis major: humerus and attaches to clavicle and sternum. These are big muscles across your chest which can help to pull the ribcage upwards
sternocleidomastoid muscle: sternum, past clavicle, up to the mastoid process. It can help to elevate your ribcage, and is the biggest muscle in the neck
Rectus abdominis is not a muscle of the chest wall, yet attaches to the costal margin and can act as an accessory muscle for forced/deep expiration
function of pleural fluid? (2)
what is pneumothorax?
pleural fluid:
minimises friction
maintains surface tension, to keep lungs inflated
pneumothorax: a collapsed lung, lung peels away from parietal plura
what innervates the visceral and parietal pleura (costal and mediastinal portions) ?
what about diaphragmatic pleura?
which are sensitive to pain?
- *visceral pleura:** shares same innervation as lung tissue - **parasympathetic and sympathetic.
- ** not sensitive to pain
_parietal pleura:
- costal portion:_innervated by intercostal nerves: T2-T12
- mediastinal surface: phrenic nerve
- sensitive to pain :(
diaphragmatic pleura: phrenic nerve and IC nerves T2-12
phrenic nerve. runs on mediastinal side of thorax
where do u find the apex of the lungs?
cadiac notch?
lungs at located at which ribs?
pleura at located at which ribs?
what is the space called inbetween lungs and pleura/
- apex of lungs lie 2cm above clavicle
- cardiac notch: 4th rib
- lung tissue goes down to : rib 6 on midclavicular line, rib 8 on mid-axillary line, right up to rib 10 posteriorly
- pleura goes to: rib 8 midclavicular line, rib 10 on mid-axillary line, right up to rib 12 posteriorly
- space between lungs and pleura = costophrenic recess
describe path of trachea -> alveolar sacs
trachea -> main bronchus -> lobar bronchus -> segmental bronchi -> conduncting bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles-> Alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs
where will a forced inhaled object most likely lodge?
right bronchus, because its more vertical (&larger)
at which point do we lose cartilage in respiratory tree?
lose @ conducting bronchioles
what is hilum of lung?
The hilum of the lung is found on the medial aspect of each lung, and it is the only site of entrance or exit of structures associated with the lungs.
where do u find the pulmonary arteries / veins / bronchi in hilum of lung?
- pulmonary arteries are superior to pulmonary veins (x2 on each side)
- bronchi have cartilage around them
what are the bronchopulmonary segments?
- A subdivision of a lung lobe which is going to be supplied by a segmental artery, lymph vessel and vein. It is a section of the lung with the same blood and air supply
- Pyramid shaped
- Surrounded by connective tissue
- Segmental bronchus, artery, lymph vessels and autonomic nerves
- Segmental vein lies in CT between segments
- A diseased segment can be removed surgically without affecting the other Broncho-pulmonary segments
