Nutritional Support for Breeding

Question 1

why is there an increased daily use of energy for synthesis of new tissue during reproduction?

Answer 1

synthesis of gametes
mating
parental care

Question 2

energy stores come from?

Answer 2

body stores (nutritional capital)
food intake (nutritional income)

Question 3

stages of reproduction determined by?

Answer 3

environmental ecology
plant and prey availability

Question 4

fitness of each generation affected by?

Answer 4

food supplies
environmental demands

Question 5

food supplies and environment alter due to environmental conditions:

Answer 5

survivorship
energy and nutrients available for next generation
epigenetics

Question 6

Domestication needs to - in order for successful breeding?

Answer 6

needs to replicate natural cycle
common mistake is during gestation there is overfeeding calories/underfeeding nutrients
lactation - underfeeding calories, protein and nutrients
Welfare - difference between supply and demand

Question 7

breeding habits of horses?

Answer 7

long day breeder
bred both within and out of natural season cycle
dietary support different
highly dependent upon grass availability
increased daylight and available nutrients stimulate reproductive cycle

Question 8

1st trimester - bitch?

Answer 8

unlikely to see any differences in first 21 days
maybe some slight weight gain
no need to change diet

Question 9

1st trimester - queen?

Answer 9

will see differences from week 2
weight gain during pregnancy = linear from week 2
needs an increase in energy from week 2

Question 10

1st trimester - sports horse/leisure horse?

Answer 10

nutrient requirements are similar to a horse at maintenance or in light work
doesn’t need extra energy/protein
IF breeding within ‘natural cycle’ so grass available

Question 11

1st trimester - Racing thoroughbreds?

Answer 11

supplementary feed needs to mimic seasonal increase in plane of nutrition
TB mares, foals born 1st Jan onwards
Need extra forage; hay/haylage

Question 12

natural season breeders - feeding?

Answer 12

will maintain ‘condition’ on pasture
but need feeding because pasture alone will not provide all the essential minerals required s

Question 13

what would you recommend for 1st trimester natives&pleasure horses?

Answer 13

balancers
100g/100kgBW to provide vits/mins only and protein

Question 14

what would you recommend for 1st trimester thoroughbreds horses?

Answer 14

normally feeding for lactation
use PCHorse to check

Question 15

feeding for breeding - 2nd trimester - dog?

Answer 15

no changes in diet
some owners might consider changing to a mother and baby food
care not to overfeed
maybe needs smaller meals more frequently

Question 16

feeding for breeding - 2nd trimester - cat?

Answer 16

25-50% more energy by week 6
eating to gain fat stores
many clients feed kitten food to pregnant cats (queens)
check label
based on bodyweight

Question 17

feeding for breeding - 2nd trimester - horse?

Answer 17

no changes needed for native/pleasure/sports/horses
continue with balancer
if grass short supply, ensure forage available
TBs
feed for foal at foot
not additional for pregnancy

Question 18

when is weight gain most rapid for dog?

Answer 18

in last trimester

Question 19

5th week of pregnancy dog?

Answer 19

75% of foetal growth
increased nutrient requirements
decrease in appetite
10% increase in energy requirements/week after 5th week

Question 20

why must you dissuade owners from letting bitch gain fat?

Answer 20

excess feeding = fat deposition
overweight bitches are more prone to have a dystocia
maybe a result of decrease in the strength of their uterine contractions/due to myometrial fat tissue infiltration
should not be more than 25% of pre-breeding weight

Question 21

describe the weight gain of cats during 3rd trimester?

Answer 21

continues to gain weight linearly
needs between 1.5-2x normal ration –> about 70% more energy compared to beginning
Weight gain now corresponds to growth rate of foetus –> will have increased by around 40% in weight

Question 22

what to advise for 3rd trimester horse?

Answer 22

important to support foetal growth development using vitamins and minerals and protein
product depends on how much grass they have available

Question 23

when is colostrum vital for - dog?

Answer 23

within 1st 24 hours

Question 24

feeding puppies?

Answer 24

newborn puppies 10-20ml of milk/ feeding
suckling at will
weigh the newborns daily
dogs return to pre-breeding weight straight after parturition

Question 25

cat during birth?

Answer 25

anorexic 24 hours before and after pregnancy water and energy is key for successful lactation 1st 12-24 hours it is vital kittens receive colostrum Healthy kittens are quiet and sleepy 75% of sleep = activated sleep

Question 26

weight loss of queen after birth?

Answer 26

queens only lose 12-19% of their pregnancy weight so still 19-26% heavier than their pre-breeding weight

Question 27

how much does a foal weigh?

Answer 27

40-60kg

Question 28

how much does the placenta and fluid losses weigh?

Answer 28

2.5-4.0kg

Question 29

describe the birth of horses?

Answer 29

born with open eyes and ability to walk usually 10% of mature weight late spring foals are heavier than foals born in early spring

Question 30

foal when first born?

Answer 30

20 mins of birth - foal can run around 17% of their mature bone content 10% of their mature BW

Question 31

lactation for dog?

Answer 31

4-7 weeks

Question 32

lactation for cat?

Answer 32

7-8 weeks

Question 33

lactation for horse?

Answer 33

6-8months

Question 34

mother - lactation - dog?

Answer 34

needs food to support lactation so doesn't use her body reserves increased energy requirements e.g. wk 1 = 1.5M wk 2 = 2xM wk 3-5 = 2-3 xM 3rd week = peak lactation

Question 35

eclampsia - from?

Answer 35

from when owners add calcium to diet for dogs

Question 36

eclampsia?

Answer 36

Calcium given during pregnancy/lactation serum calcium concentration remains high down-regulation of PTH activity results in hypocalcaemia as cannot meet the higher demands for calcium mobilisation at lactation common post-partum condition small and toy breeds

Question 37

cat lactation - energy requirements?

Answer 37

60% pre-pregnancy weight gain not lost fat deposition needed provides high energy necessary for lactation increased energy requirements - wk 1 = 1.5M wk2 = 2xM, wk3-5 = 2-3 xM diet has effect on milk composition % milk fat percentage increased in queens fed high-fat diet

Question 38

during horse lactation - what are the energy requirements like?

Answer 38

there is 2x the protein and energy requirements compared to early gestation

Question 39

during horse lactation, there is an increased need for?

Answer 39

for calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A

Question 40

what happens for the last 3.5months to the foetus?

Answer 40

foetus gains 65% of its birth weight born with 40% of its skeletal structure foetus retains 77g protein, 7.5g calcium and 4g phosphorus A DAY

Question 41

what is the total weight gain of a mare during late pregnancy?

Answer 41

the total weight gain is 16% of initial bodyweight

Question 42

30% of total weight gain for a mare occurs during which period of pregnancy?

Answer 42

occurs during the final trimester

Question 43

what is DOD?

Answer 43

Developmental Orthopaedic Disease

Question 44

when can DOD occur?

Answer 44

it can occur 10 days after foal born if the right supplementation isn't given e.g. the vitamins and minerals needed to support pregnancy

Question 45

puppies - weight and how it increases?

Answer 45

they double their birth weight in the first 7-8 days they gain 5-10% of their weight daily puppies cannot maintain body temp for around 7 days

Question 46

week 2 of being a puppy?

Answer 46

alert and trying to stand

Question 47

week 3 of being a puppy?

Answer 47

climbing out of whelping box

Question 48

week 4 of being a puppy?

Answer 48

walk and play

Question 49

kitten birth to weaning schedule?

Answer 49

56-102g at birth Gain 14g/day for first 3 wks Each week increase by 56-102g 6wks old = 600g

Question 50

when do kittens suckle?

Answer 50

suckle every 2-3 hours (3-10ml/suckle) spend total 4 hours a day suckling

Question 51

horses - birth to weaning schedule?

Answer 51

first week of life, foals suckle 7 x hr 168 time a day suckling lasts abt 147 secs mare produces 3% (horse) 4% (pony) BW as milk introduce creep feed from 10 days old feed 500g/day/months of age dependent on breed and month born

Question 52

what type of breeder is a horse?

Answer 52

long day breeder bred both within and out of natural seasonal cycle

Question 53

why is dietary support different for in and out of natural seasonal cycle?

Answer 53

because it is highly dependent upon grass availability & increased daylight and available nutrients stimulate reproductive cycle

Question 54

in order to mimic the natural way of things - what needs to be done during the first week for a kitten?

Answer 54

need milk replacer 8-12 times/day kittens should gain about 10-15 grams each day

Question 55

in order to mimic the natural way of things - what needs to be done during the first week for a puppy?

Answer 55

milk replacer 8-12 times a day 250g puppy = 30ml of formula over a 24 hour period

Question 56

in order to mimic the natural way of things - what needs to be done during the first week for a foal?

Answer 56

foal needs 20-40ml/kg bodyweight of colostrum (i.e. a 50kg foal needs 1-2 litres) every 1-2 hours 2-3L/100kg BW bottle

Question 57

describe the weaning schedule of kittens?

Answer 57

naturally start to wean at 3-4 wks old solid food by 6 wks, behavioural weaned at 8-10 wks and then completed by 6-8wks

Question 58

describe the weaning schedule of puppies?

Answer 58

weaning starts 3 weeks Dry food + water and/or milk replacer ratio of 1:3 to form gruel canned food, a 2:1 ratio completed by 6-8 weeks

Question 59

describe the weaning schedule of foals?

Answer 59

creep feed from 10 days old feed 500g/day/month of age dependent on breed and month born completed by 6-12 months

Question 60

there is no need to adjust food for dogs and horses during which part of pregnancy?

Answer 60

during 1st and 2nd trimesters

Question 61

when do food requirements increase for dogs and horses?

Answer 61

increased requirements in 3rd trimester for dogs and horses

Question 62

when do cats have increased requirements of food during pregnancy?

Answer 62

from week 2 of 1st trimester through to 3rd trimester

Question 63

weight of mother after birth - dogs and cats?

Answer 63

cats do not return to pre-pregnancy weight HOWEVER dogs should