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Structure & Function 5 > Anatomy of Male Reproduction (xerte) > Flashcards

Anatomy of Male Reproduction (xerte) Flashcards

1
Q

the left kidney in dog is more _____ than the right?

A

caudal

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2
Q

what is the left body wall lined by?

A

peritoneum

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3
Q

What is the retractor penis muscle?

A

this is one of the paired muscles of the penis

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4
Q

Point of the retractor penis muscle in species that have a sigmoid flexure?

A

helps keep the penis retracted

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5
Q

Point of retractor penis muscle in species with a musculocavernous penis?

A

it attaches to the apex of the penis in these species

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6
Q

Ischium?

A

one of the paired bones of the pelvis

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7
Q

Where does the right ureter travel from and to?

A

travels from the right kidney down to the bladder

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8
Q

What is an open castration?

A

the parietal vaginal tunic is incised

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9
Q

What is a closed castration?

A

the parietal and visceral vaginal tunics remain intact

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10
Q

What are the pros of open castration?

A

it allows direct visualisation and less likely for ligature slippage

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11
Q

What are the cons of open castration?

A

an opening is created continuous with peritoneal cavity (infection/herniation) and could accidentally cut testicular parenchyma (‘seeding’ of tumours, if castration is done to remove a cancerous testis)

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12
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

it is the structure extending from the deep inguinal ring to the testis

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13
Q

What does the spermatic cord comprise of?

A

ductus deferens
testicular a. and v. (incl. pampiniform plexus)
lymphatic ducts
nerves (autonomic nerves as a testicular plexus)
the visceral layer of the vaginal tunic

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14
Q

What encloses the spermatic cord?

A

the parietal layer of the tunic and cremaster - they only enclose the cord, they ARE NOT part of it

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15
Q

Retractor penis?

A

paired smooth/skeletal muscle originating from the first few caudal vertebrae

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16
Q

Ischiocavernosus?

A

short skeletal muscle covering the each crus of the penis, arising from the ischiatic arch and inserting on the cavernous body

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17
Q

meaning of cavernous?

A

of tissue
composed largely of vascular sinuses and capable of dilating with blood to bring about the erection of a body part

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18
Q

Bulbospongiosus

A

paired skeletal muscles covering the bulb of the penis and bulbourethral glands (where present)

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19
Q

Cremaster?
muscle of the male reproductive system

A
  • next to spermatic cord
    This can contract to raise the testes and bring them closer to the body (in cold temps)
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20
Q

Dartos?
muscle of the male reproductive system

A

musculofibrous layer in the scrotum
this muscle contracts to reduce the exposed surface area of the skin in low temps and relaxes to increase SA in warm temps

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21
Q

Urethral muscle?
muscle of the male reproductive system

A

a striated muscle associated with the pelvic portion of the urethra

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22
Q

Describe the location of the urethral muscle in different species?

A

it completely surrounds the urethra of the goat/horse
but bovine, porcine and ovine - it surrounds the ventral and lateral aspects of the urethra

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23
Q

What sex glands do dogs have?

A

Ampullary gland
Prostate

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24
Q

Which is the proximal loop of the sigmoid flexure and how can you tell?

A

it is the first one
- the one closer to the body

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25
Which loop of the sigmoid flexure is more likely to experience blockage?
the distal loop of the sigmoid flexure - most blockage by calculi occurs here due to the more acute bend
26
preputial lining?
covers the free end of the penis
27
Structure of penis in ruminants?
they are fibroelastic meaning the penis is still firm even when non-erect
28
Do ruminant penis' still have corpora inside?
Yes, have corpus cavernosum and spongiosum but relatively little extra blood most erection due to effacement (erase/obliterate) of sigmoid flexure - requiring relaxation of retractor penis muscle
29
What is the epididymis?
coil structure that connects the testes to get sperm
30
What part of the epididymis can sometimes be palpated through the scrotum?
the tail of the epididymis
31
What plexus do the testicular arteries and veins form?
the pampiniform plexus
32
UP?
Urethral process
33
GP?
Glans penis
34
PF?
Preputial fold
35
What is a urethral process and which animal has this?
this is a continuation of the urethra past the end of the penis Rams have them
36
Describe the spiral of the bovine penis:
the spiralling follows a left-hand thread around the raphe, and is due to the apical ligament This is especially evident during erection
37
What is the apical ligament?
a local concentration of collagen within the tunica albuginea
38
Which nerve could you block (anaesthetise) to extrude and examine/treat the penis?
pudenal nerve
39
What does pudenal refer to?
to the external genitalia - this nerve also innervates the retractor penis m. as well as the penis
40
Which sex glands do ruminants have?
Ampullary gland Vesicular gland Prostate Bulbourethral gland
41
Ruminants have a characteristic?
pendulous scrotum
42
the testes of ruminants hang in which direction?
vertically
43
where does the epididymis face in ruminants?
it faces caudomedially
44
as well as the tail of the epididymis - what else may also be palpable in ruminants?
the ductus deferens - it may be palpable as a firm strand
45
what are the testes covered by?
by the vaginal tunic
46
what is the vaginal tunic?
a double layered fold of peritoneum
47
how can the visceral tunica vaginalis be differentiated from the parietal tunica vaginalis?
by the presence of the blood vessels in the visceral tunica vaginalis
48
what are the testis itself covered by?
by the tunica albuginea, connective tissue covering that supports the testicular parenchyma
49
Which tissues comprise the scrotum? (order of superficial --> deep)
skin and subcutis, dartos muscle, fascia, and vaginal tunics (parietal and visceral)
50
Where is the preputial diverticulum in a boar found and what is the result of material becoming trapped in this diverticulum?
the diverticulum (this is a blind pocket) is found in the dorsal wall of the prepuce trapped material in here gives the boar its characteristic odour
51
What partially divides the preputial diverticulum? And where is the diverticulum divided?
It is partially divided mid-sagitally by a septum
52
what is a pair of corpora cavernosa?
erectile tissue with enlarged venous spaces
53
Each crus of the horse penis (crura) is covered by?
by the ischiocavernosus muscle
54
in a horse, what is the third column of erecticle tissue?
the corpus spongiosum - it encloses the urethra it also forms the bulb and glans of the penis
55
Preputial ring (horse)?
tightness in the encircling band of muscle in the preputial ring can be congenital and prevents protrusion of the penis
56
phimosis?
inability to retract the skin covering the head of the penis
57
when erect, describe the corona glandis (horse)
it is wrinkled when not erect, however when erect the glans is smooth with a characteristic mushroom shape
58
fossa mean?
a depression or cave
59
process means?
something that projects or protrudes out
60
Describe the prepuce of a horse?
due to the length of the penis when erect, the prepuce needs to be proportionately long so instead of having a very long prepuce there is an extra fold inside of the first - there is an external AND internal layer of prepuce
61
what vessel supplies the penis (horses)?
the internal pudendal artery
62
How is the blood supply to the penis of a horse different than other animals?
The penis of the horse obtains blood from the obturator and external pudendal arteries in addition to the usual internal pudendal source
63
Right vesicular gland? (horse)
The sac-like vesicular glands cover the deferent duct attachments to the pelvic urethra
64
What muscle covers the bulbourethral glands in the horse?
the urethralis muscle
65
Which muscle covers the right crus of the penis in a horse?
the Ischiocavernosus muscle
66
How can identify which testical is left/right if only one has descended?
identifying the epididymis on the lateral side, ductus deferens on the medial side and the tail of the epididymis caudally, a testicle can be oriented so that left v. right can be determined
67
Which ligament is especially thick in horses and so and must be severed in ‘open’ castration?
The ligament of the tail of the epididymis
68
In birds, where do the testes lie?
near the cranial pole of the kidney - testes shrink in non-breeding season and are hard to see, most birds lack a true phallus
69
Body temp of birds compared to mammals?
higher in birds
70
what temp do sperm require for proper development?
they require slightly cooler temps - most mammals have an external position of the testes)
71
In birds, when does most spermatogenesis occur?
in the early hours when temp is coolest and the adjacent abdominal sacs may play a role in cooling (passerines also have a 'seminal glomus)
72
spermatogenesis?
the process by which sperm cell production occurs
73
passerines?
bird
74
seminal glomus?
distal end of the ductus deferens forms a mass of convolutions called the seminal glomus
75
in snakes and lizards describe the location of the testes to the kidneys?
they are cranial to kidneys
76
hemipenes?
each of the paired male reproductive organs in snakes and lizards
77
Where are the hemipenes stored?
in the tail base - can be seen as bulges only one is used during copulation
78
What does the presence of hemipenes allow for snakes and lizards?
Hemipenes are only reproductive function so amputation is possible if trauma or if they are prolapsed and non-viable
79
How to determine male rabbits?
males don’t have nipples. Round urethra with oblong scrotal sacs on each side
80
How do you determine male guinea pigs?
lateral scrotal swellings either side of anus. Os penis present
81
How do you determine male rats?
common urogenital aperture. Testicles are evident from 3-4wks but may need to hold rat vertically to see these. 2x anogenital distance compared to female. Males have no nipples. Oblong scrotum gives rounded caudal appearance
82
How do you determine male hamsters?
enlarged, rounded posterior end when the testes are descended, pigmented flank glands, and a longer anogenital distance
83
Os penis?
contains a small bone
84
Urinary bladder on x-ray?
It appears very white or radio-opaque on this image because radiographic contrast medium has been introduced into it. It is also not completely full which is why the walls appear irregular.
85
Pelvic urethra on x-ray?
The Urethra is not usually visible on x-rays. It appears very white or radio-opaque on this image because radiographic contrast medium has been introduced into it. It is continuous with the penile urethra
86
Which animals have an Os Penis?
only cats and dogs this structure is bone opacity and is therefore visible on x-rays
87
Ruminant difference to carnivores?
Ruminants and Boars have Fibro-elastic penises; as opposed to Musculo-cavernous ones.
88
sigmoid flexure is unique to which animals?
ruminants - the sigmoid flexure is palpable caudal to the scrotum in real life
89
dog cat difference in pelvis shape?
Remember: the pelvis is more curved in shape in the dog than the cat.
90

Structure & Function 5 (24 decks)

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