Management of Reproduction Flashcards by Rosabelle Manton

breeding season for sheep?

aim to lamb earlier in the season
progesterone sponges in sheep

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boar/ram effect that affects breeding season?

male pheromones stimulate early oestrus (only 1 or 2 weeks early)

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daylight manipulation - to alter breeding season?

practically impossible in livestock
used in high value horses though - for racing - have bigger horse

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breeding seasonal cycle controlled by?

melatonin

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how does melatonin control breeding season?

melatonin suppresses hypothalamic/pituitary hormonal axis
increasing daylight suppresses melatonin release (in horses)
this is the reverse in short day breeders e.g. sheep

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daylight manipulation for mares?

mares need approx. 16 continuous hours of light
artificial lighting at the end of the day can stretch the perceived day length

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why intervene with breeding season?

capitalise on ‘desirable genetics’
maximise output of breeding animals
maximise economic efficiency

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disadvantages to natural service?

danger/injury to animals
high libido so danger to people
cannot sex semen
mare aggression
cost of keeping male
aggressive animals
biosecurity - testing semen

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how do we collect semen?

artificial vagina
electroejaculation
manual/digital manipulation
vaginal liners
pharmacological induction
post-mating

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what animals use artificial vagina?

stallion, boar, ram, stud bulls

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what animals use electroejaculation?

ram, stock bulls

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what animals use manual/digital manipulation?

dog, boar, poultry

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what animals use vaginal liners?

bull, stag

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what do we use for pharmacological induction?

xylazine, imipridine, diazepam

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what are the components of an artificial vagina?

case, outer liner, water jacketing, inner liner, collection tube
these are adjusted to suit the animal e.g. horses like it warmer

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advantages of artificial vagina?

quick, simple, natural ejaculate, better sperm quality and fertility of semen, useful for AI

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disadvantages of artificial vagina?

requires oestrus/pheromones for teasing
requires training equipment
dangerous - skilled handler
libido dependant

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advantages of electroejaculation?

no training, no teaser needed, useful if injured/no libido, ‘safer’, quick

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disadvantages of electroejaculation?

variable ejaculate quality
unreliable for AI
welfare concerns - live current going into animal
adequate restraint
requires vet

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where does probe of electroejaculation machine go?

goes in rectal
stimulates accessory glands

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sterile ejaculate?

rectal massage of accessory glands + sedation + urethral catheter

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digital manipulation of which animals?

chickens and turkeys

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what does semen quality rely on?

gross motility/progressive motility
morphology - defects which affect fertility
disease testing
concentration

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ram sperm?

really concentrated

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boar ejaculate?

produce a lot volume - 250ml

sexing semen?

X sperm contain 3-5% more DNA than Y sperm DNA-fluorescent dye - 'brighter' X sperm Sperm sorted passing through electrostatic field 85-95% correct sex offspring but 15-20% pregnancy rate loss

heat detection?

male detects heat and serves using natural service however AI - observation - standing and mounting behaviour Aids - kamars, tail paint, acitivty monitors, wax raddles Hormone testing Synchronisation

artificial insemination technique for horses?

transcervical

artificial insemination technique for cattle?

transcervical

artificial insemination technique for pigs?

intravaginal

artificial insemination technique for dogs?

intravaginal

artificial insemination technique for sheep?

lacroscopic transcervical techniques being developed

sheep semen?

doesn't freeze very well less fertile surgical technique ensure it is being deposited at the right place

insemination of cows?

rectal palpation and rectal-vaginal approach

artificial insemination of mare?

vaginal

advantages of artificial insemination?

safer - for animals and handlers minimises disease transmission allows cheaper use of high quality genetics choices of desirable genetics sex selection allow planning

disadvantages of artificial insemination?

reduced conception rate requires heat detection requires AI training difficult in sheep

which has a shorter viable life - ovum or semem?

ovum - equine

fresh semen lifespan once inside uterus?

72 hours

chilled semen lifespan once inside uterus?

36 hours

frozen semen lifespan once inside uterus?

12 hours

initial exam includes what for AI?

mare evaluation stage of oestrus cycle intervene to advance ovulation

subsequent exams include what for AI?

monitor changes predict or induce ovulation

AI protocol - equine?

initial exam subsequent exams inseminate post-breeding exam

oestrus due to?

hot behaviour - moist, vascular, clear follicle

dioestrus due to?

cold behaviour, post ovulation follicle is less clear and less dense uterus much smaller and fewer sign of oedema

how can we induce early heat in mare?

prostaglandin

When can we use prostaglandin?

only if CL is > 5 days old Heat begins - 3 days later (range 1-10 days) Blind injection should be avoided Time to ovulation depends on follicle size

ovulation timing for a follicle with size >3.5 cm?

possible overnight

ovulation for a follicle with size of 3cm?

2-4 days

ovulation for a follicle with size of 2cm?

4-7 days

ovulation for a follicle with size of 1cm?

7-15 days

synchronisation protocols for bovine?

use of GnRH, PGF2α and Progesterone

why do we use GnRH, PGF2α and Progesterone?

to mimic parts of the normal hormone cycle

what do synchronisation protocol of bovine allow?

allows timed AI - farms w/ poor heat detection animals not expressing oestrus animals expressing oestrus for a short window Breed sub-fertile animals earlier - correct ovarian problems only to be used in otherwise healthy animals

what is Ovsynch?

it is a hormonal protocol - more effective being used for heifers not cows

what are the advanced techniques that can be used for producing offspring?

embryo transfer OPU/IVF/ICSI Cloning

what is OPU?

Ovum Pick-up it is the process whereby oocytes (egg cells) are aspirated from the follicles on the ovaries of the donor

what is ICSI?

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection this is where a single sperm cell in injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg

What is the process for embryo transfer?

superovulation with FSH Artificial insemination Collection of embryos 7 days later ('flushing') Process and evaluate embryos for quality and stage Transfer to synchronized recipients and/or freeze embryos

What is the process for OPU/IVF/ICSI?

Superovulation with FSH Transvaginal ultrasound-guided Cumulus Oocyte Complex collection Maturation IVF/ICSI Transfer to synchronized recipients and/or freeze embryos

what type of cloning can be used to produce offspring?

nuclear transfer - somatic cell nucleus --> denucleated MII oocyte Blastomere cloning OR embryo splitting