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Structure & Function 5 > Comparative Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Comparative Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

intromittent organ?

A

delivers semen internally

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2
Q

Accessory glands?

A

contribute secretions increasing volume to semen

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3
Q

What are the four Accessory glands?

A

*Ampullary
*Vesicular
*Prostate
*Bulbourethral

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4
Q

Coiled tubes AKA?

A

Semineiferous tubules

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5
Q

coiled tubes are the site of?

A

of sperm production (spermatogenesis)

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6
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

they are open loops, opening into a network in the testicular mediastinum called the rete testis

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7
Q

Where do the rete testis drain into?

A

they drain into the epididymis

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8
Q

Where does immature sperm travel through?

A

travels through the three parts of the epididymis (head > body > tail) and INTO the deferent duct

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9
Q

spermatoza?

A

process of producing sperm cells

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10
Q

where are spermatoza produced?

A

in the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

spermatoza excreted into where?

A

the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

what is spermatogenesis very sensitizve to?

A

temp

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13
Q

what are the testis enclosed by?

A

by a thick capsule of connective tissu and sometimes smooth muscle (tunica albuginea)

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14
Q

Name of a characteristic of the surrounding layers of the testis?

A

capsule and contents are pressurised

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15
Q

tunica albuginea?

A

thick white layer

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16
Q

What is the surrounding layer found on top of the tunica albuginea?

A

There is a double layer of peritoneum (the tunica vaginalis/vaginal tunic)

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17
Q

what are the surrounding layers of the testis?

A

visceral layer and parietal layer

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18
Q

where do the testes start?

A

in the abdomen

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19
Q

where do the testes descend into?

A

descend through inguinal canal into scrotum via action of gubernaculum

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20
Q

in most mammals, what is required for sperm production?

A

lower temp

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21
Q

if testes are retained in abdomen, what problems can it cause?

A

Neoplasia
Testicular torsion

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22
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

It is a collection of structure and is wrapped up in the vaginal tunic and spermatic fascia

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23
Q

What collection of structures is the spermatic cord made up from?

A

Testicular vein/artery/nerves/lymphatic vessels
Deferent duct
Deferent artery and vein
Visceral and parietal vaginal tunic (continuous w/ peritoneum)

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24
Q

What is the collection of structures that make up the spermatic cord is held together by what?

A

by spermatic fascia

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25
What is the cremaster muscle?
a portion of the internal abdominal oblique (body wall) and it runs alongside the spermatic fascia, inserts onto the cranial pole of the testes
26
What needs to be opened in order to fully appreciate some of the spermatic cord structures?
the parietal vaginal tunic
27
where do the branches of the testicular artery and vein run within?
the tunica albuginea which is covered by visceral layer of vaginal tunic
28
testicular veins form what?
pampiniform plexus
29
pampiniform plexus?
an arrangement where they contort and wrap around the artery many time in order to increase contact area between vein and artery and pre-cools blood entering testis (countercurrent system)
30
Testicular artery is a direct branch of what?
of the abdominal aorta (leaving aorta at L4) therefore there is high blood pressure
31
Higher temp effect?
retained testes and cause of neoplasia
32
How does the testis keep the temp cool?
Pampiniform plexus pre=cools bloods Testes located in scrotum, outside of main body cavity Many sweat glands in scrotal skin
33
What happens if too cold?
cremaster muscle contracts and pulls testes closer to body Dartos muscle in scrotum contracts and reduces exposed surface area and elevates scrotum
34
What parts make up the urethra?
the pelvic part and penile part
35
what joins the urethra as it leaves the bladder?
the deferent duct
36
what does the urethra carry?
urine and semen
37
what joins the urethra empty?
the accessory sex glands - they join at various levels
38
What do the accessory sex glands do?
they clear the urethra lubrication of sperm nourish spermatozoa Transport of spermatozoa
39
Which animals have the Ampulla sex gland?
ruminants, horses and dogs (absent in cat, pig)
40
Which animals have the vesicular sex gland?
stallion, ruminant, boar (absent in dog, cat)
41
Where is the ampulla?
enlargements at end of deferent duct
42
Where is Vesicular gland?
near opening of deferent duct
43
Which animals have prostate gland?
all domestic species
44
What makes up the prostate gland?
composed of body and disseminate part
45
What animals have the bulbourethral gland?
all domestic species EXCEPT dog
46
Where are the bulbourethral glands?
near urethra's exit from pelvis
47
BPH?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Englarged prostate = narrowed urethra and narrowed colon - SHOWING SYMPTOMS
48
What is the penis normally contained within?
Within a fold of the skin (the prepuce)
49
Point of prepuce?
Protection from trauma and drying
50
What does the penis allow?
allows direct deposition of spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract
51
Paraphimosis?
inability for penis to reduce back into prepuce
52
What does the penis consist of?
root, body, glands
53
root of penis?
penis originates from the ischial arch
54
How is the penis attached to the pelvis?
via the root - paired crura --> separate structures, contain corpus cavernosum wrapped in tunica albuginea Expansion of the corpus spongiosum around the penile urethra = bulb of penis
55
Body of the penis?
Corpus cavernosa combine, run alongside corpus spongiosa
56
Glands of penis?
Distal, free portion. Shaped by expansion of corpus spongiosum
57
How many columns of cavernous erectile tissue does the penis have?
3 columns
58
cavernous erectile tissue?
spaces that are filled with blood
59
Paired corpus cavernosum?
Separate at base / root, divided by a septum Can converge later in body / shaft of penis
60
Unpaired corpus spongiosum?
Surrounds urethra Originates at pelvic outlet (i.e. start of penile urethra) Continues along length of urethra
61
Two types of penis?
Musculocavernous penis (horse, dog, cat, human) Fibroelastic penis (ruminants, pigs)
62
Musculocavernous penis?
erection achieved by large volumes of blood filling the blood spaces (corpus cavernosum and spongiosum)
63
OS penis AKA?
Baculum
64
What animals have os penis?
dogs and many placental mammals
65
os penis?
a penis bone after the termination of the corpus cavernosum - contributes to stiffness
66
ventral groove of os penis contains?
contains urethra narrowing at distal end risks obstruction
67
bulbis glandis?
in the dog, the glands have a long distal part and expanded proximal part
68
knotting during dog mating?
*Bulb swells before ejaculation *After some time (5-20 mins+) bulb disgorges *Forceful separation can cause severe injury to both animals
69
Glands of penis - cat?
cat have keratinised papillae ("barbs")
70
point of barbs?
stimulate ovulation in female
71
pig penis?
corkscrew with small capping glands
72
bull penis?
small, asymmetrical and slightly spiralled
73
small ruminants penis?
urethral process continues beyond end of penis
74
horse penis?
mushroom shaped with a fossa
75
widest part of horse penis?
corona
76
where does the corpus spongiosum expand over?
over the apex of the penis
77
retractor muscle of penis?
paired, origin from caudal vertebrae. Smooth (involuntary muscle) important in ruminants / swine with a sigmoid flexure.
78
bulbospongiosus muscle?
continuation of urethralismuscle. Expel urethral conten
79
Ischiocavernosus muscle?
paired, enclose the crura. Upon contraction, block venous return from corpus cavernosu
80
Urethra, accessory sex glands and penis are supplied by what artery?
by the branches of internal pudendal artery
81
Innervation of penis?
Pudendal nerve Pelvic nerves Hypogastric nerves
82
How is an erection achieved by a musculocavernous penis?
by large volumes of blood filling the blood spaces
83
What are the blood spaces that get filled when a musculocavernous penis has an erection?
corpus cavernosum and spongiosum
84
Which animals have a musculocavernous penis?
horse, dog, cat and also humans
85
Which animals have a fibroelastic penis?
ruminants, pigs
86
A fibroelastic penis has more tough fibroelastic tissue, what does this result in?
an inherently stiff penis
87
there are only small blood spaces in a fibroelastic penis, what does this cause?
relatively little blood flow to corpus cavernosum and spongiosum
88
what is the elongation of a fibroelastic penis usually due to?
mostly by relaxation of retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure
89
What is the widest part of a horse's penis called?
corona
90
Where does the urethral process sit within - horse penis?
within fossa glandis
91
Describe the prepuce of a horse's penis?
the prepuce has two layers
92
The prepuce of a horse's penis has two layers, what does this allow for?
allows for 'telescopic' lengthening of penis (a fold within a fold, the internal and external layer)
93
What do the glands of the prepuce produce? (horse male)
solid smegma
94
What nervous system is the pudendal nerve a part of?
a mixture of somatic motor and sensory fibres
95
What nervous system is the pelvic nerve a part of?
parasympathetic
96
What nervous system is the hypogastric nerve a part of?
sympathetic
97
The internal pudendal artery is the...
Artery of the bulb of the penis - supplies corpus spongiosum The deep artery of the penis - supplies corpus cavernosum The dorsal artery of the penis - supplies glands

Structure & Function 5 (24 decks)

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