Fertile Female 1 & 2

Question 1

cyclic breeding activity?

Answer 1

for most female mammals
repeated opportunity to become pregnant

Question 2

how does a female get preggers?

Answer 2

release good quality oocytes at appropriate time
when she and male are sexually receptive
in appropriate breeding season
when uterus is primed to receive and support pregnancy

Question 3

needs for reproduction in female?

Answer 3

pool of eggs ready to develop
ability to develop these and release every so often
several at a time as they are fragile

Question 4

what are the 2 major forms of the female reproductive cycles?

Answer 4

menstrual cycle (man & other primates)
and
oestrous cycle (domestic & other mammals)

Question 5

aim of the reproductive cycles?

Answer 5

to ensure that mature female gametes are released at a time when quality spermatozoa are likely to be present and when any resulting embryos will enter an appropriately conditioned uterus

Question 6

what is ovulation?

Answer 6

release of the ovum (oval)

Question 7

ovaries endocrine function?

Answer 7

hormones

Question 8

ovaries exocrine function?

Answer 8

gametes (ova)

Question 9

oogenesis?

Answer 9

post-pubertal (regular cyclic breeding activity)

Question 10

functional unit of the ovaries is the what?

Answer 10

the follicle

Question 10

recruitment?

Answer 10

Which primordial follicles of the ovary develop in each cycle

Question 11

selection

Answer 11

Which of these developing follicles progress to dominance and ovulate

Question 12

follicles in some species

Answer 12

a single follicle matures to ovulate in each ovarian cycle (woman, mare, cow, whale)
however other species - multiple follicles mature to give multiple ovulations in each cycle (bitch, sow, queen)

Question 13

oocyte produces?

Answer 13

layer of pellucida

Question 14

what does oocyte secrete?

Answer 14

secretes glycoproteins which form the zona pellucida

Question 15

what happens during the time that the primary oocyte grows?

Answer 15

mRNA synthesis
oocyte maturation & early embryo development

Question 16

Granulosa cells avascular what does this mean?

Answer 16

avascular - rely on nutrients brought in via active transport and diffusion

Question 17

function of granulosa cells during follicle development?

Answer 17

penetrate ZP (gap junctions with oolemma)
gap junctions form between granulosa cells = regulate oocyte nutrition

Question 18

How are thecal cells involved in follicle development?

Answer 18

these are vascular
they organise from ovarian stroma outside the basal lamina

Question 19

what happens when granulosa cells proliferate:

Answer 19

Increases follicular size

Question 20

follicular fluid?

Answer 20

antral cavity
viscous, modified serum transudate
forms antral cavity
leading to increase in follicular size

Question 21

LH surge triggers?

Answer 21

ovulation

Question 22

granulosa cells withdraw away from pellucida zone due to?

Answer 22

LH surge

Question 23

what does the LH surge trigger?

Answer 23

ovulation

Question 24

granulosa form what cells during the formation of the corpus luteum?

Answer 24

hypertrophy occurs so large luteal cells (w/ high lipid conc)

Question 25

theca form what cells during the formation of the corpus luteum?

Answer 25

small luteal cells

Question 26

corpus haemorrhagica becomes less bloody and red and forms?

Answer 26

corpus rubrum

Question 27

menstrual cycle, phases?

Answer 27

2 phases luteal phase and follicular phase

Question 28

follicular phase?

Answer 28

oestrogen dominance

Question 29

luteal phase?

Answer 29

progesterone dominance

Question 30

day 1 of mentruation?

Answer 30

day 1 of follicular phase some oestrogen causing negative feedback so less FSH

Question 31

progesterone suppresses?

Answer 31

GnRH which suppresses LH

Question 32

what is the GnRH surge centre triggered by?

Answer 32

positive feedback to increasing oestradiol concentrations

Question 33

progesterone is the hormone of?

Answer 33

pregnancy - if no pregnancy, cornus luteum dies off and progesterone levels die off endometrium no longer has signals telling it to develop, this leads to menses

Question 35

for animals what is the only marker of ovarian cyclicity?

Answer 35

THEY DO NOT MENSTRUATE only marker is oestrus (heat)

Question 36

oestrus =

Answer 36

end of follicular phase

Question 37

The Oestrous cycle?

Answer 37

a repeating set of events which occur between periods of oestrous behaviour (oestrus or heat)

Question 38

oestrus?

Answer 38

behavioural - sexual receptivity and copulation

Question 39

Dioestrus?

Answer 39

behavioural - sexually quiescent period between regular oestrous periods

Question 40

anoestrus?

Answer 40

cycles continues throughout life but interrupted by; pregnancy, lactation, non-breeding periods (anoestrus) inadequate nutrition stress reproductive tract pathologies

Question 41

'ous'

Answer 41

adjective

Question 42

'us'

Answer 42

noun

Question 43

canids?

Answer 43

2 periods of oestrus per year

Question 44

bear, oestrus?

Answer 44

only one period a year

Question 45

vascular counter-current exchange mechanism?

Answer 45

utero-ovarian vein / ovarian artery

Question 46

E2

Answer 46

abbreviation for oestrogen

Question 47

P4

Answer 47

abbreviation for progesterone

Question 48

OT

Answer 48

oxytocin abbreviation

Question 49

what is the dioestrus stage of the oestrous cycle characterised by?

Answer 49

by functional corpus luteum and high progesterone

Question 50

what is the proestrus stage of the oestrous cycle characterised by?

Answer 50

significant increase in oestradiol

Question 51

what is the oestrus stage of the oestrous cycle characterised by?

Answer 51

high oestradiol and sexual receptivity

Question 52

what is the metoestrus stage of the oestrous cycle characterised by?

Answer 52

follicular remodelling to form corpus luteum

Question 53

progesterone dominates over?

Answer 53

oestrogen so won't see oestrogens behaviour

Question 54

when mare coming into heat you see?

Answer 54

an edema of the uterus

Question 55

oestrous cycle of the bitch?

Answer 55

monoestrus spontaneous ovulation prolonged oestrus multiple ovulations across time

Question 56

superfecundation?

Answer 56

multiple ovulations across time (Bitch) multiple oocytes and matings: pups sired by different dogs

Question 57

bitches have no?

Answer 57

no endogenous luteolytic mechanism

Question 58

bigger peak in oestrogen in bitch?

Answer 58

surge in LH

Question 59

feline oestrus cycle?

Answer 59

it is 17 days 9 days in oestrus (known as calling)

Question 60

if the queen is not ovulated:

Answer 60

not mated so no ovulation so no corpora lutea and thus no luteal phase and no progesterone

Question 61

if queen is mated:

Answer 61

she ovulates and corpora lutea forms and then gestation which leads to lactation

Question 62

after oestrus and no mating?

Answer 62

postoestrus phase before next lot of follicles are ready

Question 63

stimulate vagina and cervix of a queen - she is an induced ovulator

Answer 63

nerve ending stimulated and travel up to spinal cord where they synapse then to hypothalamus then the surge centre makes GnRH come out stimulates pituitary then LH surge during copulation